After inspecting the elements it seems clear that:
1) width: 55.5px;
is being rounded up to 56px and
2) width: calc(100% - 10px);
- the 100% width is being rounded down to 55px
this leaves 1px left of red in the 56px wide container.
So as a work-around just simply refrain from adding a width to you remainderDiv,
and use a different method for 'filling up' the container such as overflow:hidden
FIDDLE
This way the remainder div will either be 10px or 11px - but at least the layout won't break
This is a known Chrome bug that is now fixed and will soon be merged to the dev Channel.
https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=448796&q=label%3ACr-Blink&colspec=ID+Pri+M+Week+ReleaseBlock+Cr+Status+Owner+Summary+OS+Modified