The extension I am writing started life from the Walkthrough: Creating a Margin Glyph example provided by Microsoft: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee361745.aspx
You were on the right path, changing from ITaggerProvider to IViewTaggerProvider allowed me to redraw the glyphs. I used the Implementing a Brace Matching Tagger Provider section in Walkthrough: Displaying Matching Braces example to make these changes.
Using the IViewTaggerProvider, you can then call
TagsChanged?.Invoke(this, new SnapshotSpanEventArgs(
new SnapshotSpan(
SourceBuffer.CurrentSnapshot,
0,
SourceBuffer.CurrentSnapshot.Length)));
in your functions to explicitly call GetTags and go over the spans in the current snapshot.