Ebp, esp and stack frame in assembly with nasm

Question

I have a few questions about ebp, esp and stack frame in following code.

1. Why did we substract 28 from esp ? We have two local variables x and y in main. So

Answer 1

1. The stack pointer is subtracted by 28 because you need 8 bytes for your two local variables and 12 bytes for the parameters to func. The extra 8 bytes are likely due to your compiler's attempt to align main's stack to a 16-byte boundary (there's already 4 bytes on the stack for main's return address and another 4 bytes when EBP was pushed to establish the stack frame in main's first instruction). See -mpreferred-stack-boundary if you're using GCC.

2. The parameters are being passed right-to-left. Since the stack space was already allocated for the three parameters when it was subtracted from the stack pointer, 1 is moved into the "highest" position relative to the current stack pointer (+8), 2 is moved into the middle (+4), and the value in y is moved into the stack pointer itself. This is the same as pushing 1 on the stack, pushing 2 on the stack, and then pushing y on the stack. By the last push instruction, 1 is +8 from ESP, 2 is +4 from ESP, and y is +0 from ESP. Note that inside of func, it has to add 8 to these offsets because the return address is pushed on the stack from the call instruction and func pushes EBP to establish a stack frame.

3. Confused about which structure?