State is managed in ASP.NET (MVC and WebForms) through several means:
- Session
- Cookies
- Form posts
- Application
- Query string
- Cache
- Context
MVC eliminates ViewState, which means that controls (text boxes, checkboxes, etc.) lose their values each time a page is posted back. You need to repopulate them manually or through other means (Model binding, for instance).
MVC isn't truly stateless, but it does remove one of the most common ways of persisting state in ASP.NET -- the ViewState.