As describe in on of the SO question
What is the difference between AsyncPostBackTrigger & PostBackTrigger?
Controls inside an UpdatePanel by default cause a partial page update, controls outside cause a postback, using these triggers it is possible to change this behaviour as required.
From http://seminaarit.codezone.fi/video/devdays-2007/track1/2/2-ASP-dotNET_AJAX_Extensions.ppt
AsyncPostBackTrigger
Converts postbacks into async callbacks
Typically used to trigger updates when controls outside an UpdatePanel post back
If ChildrenAsTriggers="false", can be used to specify which controls inside UpdatePanel should call back rather than post back
PostBackTrigger
Lets controls inside UpdatePanel post back
Typically used to allow certain controls to post back when ChildrenAsTriggers="true