I am new to OpenCV and need to know the method of OpenCV which detects different shapes (circle, square, rectangle, triangle, ellipse) in a camera captured image for iPhone.
First you will probably need to look at an edge detector such as Canny to extract the shapes into a binary image. (Although this may be expensive for the iphone)
For circles I would have a look at the HoughCircles.
For squares and rectangles you should look at the findContours method and the sample code squares.cpp
in the samples directory when you downloaded opencv.
With a quick google search I was able to find an article about detecting shapes in C# which roughly corresponds to the methods you would use in another language while using the opencv library.
I have not used opencv in ios but I hope this will help get you started.