Is it possible to ensure a constexpr function is called at most once at compile time?

Question

As the title asks: Is it possible to ensure a constexpr function is called at most once at compile time?

This clearly won\'t be possible if the function is not const

Answer 1

Short answer: no, because constexpr functions cannot read/set external state. (They can have internal state, but they still need to be "pure").

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Real answer: probably yes, but it's a bad idea. There is a series of blog posts by Filip Roséen which covers the implementation of stateful constexpr functions by abusing friendship and ADL:

• "NON-CONSTANT CONSTANT-EXPRESSIONS IN C++" - (cached by Google)

• "HOW TO IMPLEMENT A CONSTANT-EXPRESSION COUNTER IN C++" - (cached by Google)

• "HOW TO IMPLEMENT A COMPILE-TIME META-CONTAINER IN C++" - (cached by Google)

The technique is very arcane and complicated. It is considered an abuse of features by CWG, which is trying to make it ill-formed with issue #2118.