What does the integer while setting the seed mean?

Question

I want to randomly select n rows from my data set using the sample() function in R. I was getting different outputs each time and hence used

Answer 1

It is just a number used to set seeds for the random number generator. It has nothing to do with your data. If you don't explicitly provide a seed, a new one is created from the current time.

See the ?set.seed help page for plenty of details about it.

Answer 2

In the old days, there were books that contained pages and pages of random digits (in a random order, of course).

I like to think of set.seed(x) as telling the computer to start reading random numbers from page x in a huge book of random numbers. x has nothing to do with the data, but how the algorithm for choosing random numbers should begin.

This might be a bit facile, but I like the analogy.

Answer 3

A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number (or vector) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator.

For a seed to be used in a pseudorandom number generator, it does not need to be random. Because of the nature of number generating algorithms, so long as the original seed is ignored, the rest of the values that the algorithm generates will follow probability distribution in a pseudorandom manner.

-- wikipedia

So, random function could be implemented like this:

int rand_r(unsigned int *seed)
{
    *seed = *seed * 1103515245 + 12345;
    return (*seed % ((unsigned int)RAND_MAX + 1));
}

(sample taken from glibc)