The answer of Mark Rotteveel is almost right and again an example which kind of confusion potential there is in the class WeekFields
(similar sounding method names, but deviating from intuitive civil usage). The right code requires another field:
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
TemporalField woy = WeekFields.of(Locale.getDefault()).weekOfWeekBasedYear();
int weekNumber = date.get(woy);
See also the similar debate on this SO-post, especially the discussion and comments about the answer of @kleopatra.