As I am not an experienced Android developer, I don't know if you can talk back and forth between applications due to sandboxing. However, there is a barcode scanner called zxing which is "an open-source, multi-format 1D/2D barcode image processing library implemented in Java. Our focus is on using the built-in camera on mobile phones to photograph and decode barcodes on the device, without communicating with a server."
Seems pretty solid, so I would recommend using that.