If an array is truthy in JavaScript, why doesn't it equal true?

Question

I have the following code snippet:

if([]) {
  console.log(\"first is true\");
}

The console says first is true wh

Answer 1

This is strict equality. It meas that both operands should be the same thing. In the case of object, they should be exactly the same object. Comparison between object with the same structure and the same values will fail, they need to be reference to the same object to success.

if([]===true){
  console.log("third is true");
}

In case of operands of different types, than the comparison between them becomes strict. This leads to the case above.

if([]==true){
  console.log("second is true");
}

Also, in the first if statement, [] is automatically casted to boolean true.

Answer 2

You have force type coercion before making a Boolean equity check with the Object types.

while "" == false // <- true or 0 == false // <- true works out well

with the Object types it doesn't

null == false // <- false

so you better do like

!!null === false // <- true or !![] === true // <- true

Answer 3

This is by specification. By the ECMAScript 2015 Language Specification, any object that is implicitly coerced into a boolean is true; that means objects are truthy. Inside of an if statement, the condition, once evaluated and if not already boolean, is coerced into a boolean. Thus, doing:

if([]) { 
  ... 
}

[] is truthy when coerced to a boolean and is true.

On the other hand, when you try to compare two values of differing types with abstract comparison, ==, the engine must internally go through an algorithm to reduce the values to similar types, and ultimately integers that it can compare. In Section 7.2.12 of the specification on the steps for Abstract Equality Comparison x == y, it states:

7.2.12 Abstract Equality Comparison

The comparison x == y, where x and y are values, produces true or false. Such a comparison is performed as follows:

[...]

9. If Type(y) is Boolean, return the result of the comparison x == ToNumber(y).

Thus, the y operand (in this case true) is converted to 1 by coercion with ToNumber since it is a boolean, and [] == 1 is false because:

11. If Type(x) is Object and Type(y) is either String, Number, or Symbol, then return the result of the comparison ToPrimitive(x) == y.

This will convert the x operand to a string with the toString method of the array, which is "" for an empty array in this case. After going through ToPrimitive, it will result in:

if("" == 1) {
  ...
}

And finally:

7. If Type(x) is String and Type(y) is Number, return the result of the comparison ToNumber(x) == y.

Thus, ToNumber of an empty string "" is 0 and you get:

if(0 == 1) {
  ...
}

And 0 does not equal 1, thus it is false. Remember that just because something is truthy, does not make it equal to true. Just try Symbol() == true or ({}) == true.

The final comparison, with === is strict comparison, and does not coerce any operands and will return false if both operands are not the same type. Since the left operand is an object (an array) and the right is a number, the comparison evaluates to false.