Is this a safe way to convert MySQL tables from latin1 to utf-8?

Question

I need to change all the tables in one of my databases from latin1 to utf-8 (with utf8_bin collation).

I have dumped the database, created a test database from it, a

Answer 1

I've done this a few times on production databases in the past (converting from the old standard encoding swedish to latin1), and when MySQL encounters a character that cannot be translated to the target encoding, it aborts the conversion and remains in the unchanged state. Therefor, I'd deem the ALTER TABLE statement working.

Answer 2

There are 3 different cases to consider:

The values are indeed encoded using Latin1

This is the consistent case: declared charset and content encoding match. This was the only case I covered in my initial answer.

Use the command you suggested:

ALTER TABLE tablename CONVERT TO CHARSET utf8 COLLATE utf8_bin

Note that the CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET command only appeared in MySQL 4.1.2, so anyone using a database installed before 2005 had to use an export/import trick. This is why there are so many legacy scripts and document on Internet doing it the old way.

The values are already encoded using utf8

In this case, you don't want mysql to convert any data, you only need to change the column's metadata.

For this, you have to change the type to BLOB first, then to TEXT utf8 for each column, so that there are no value conversions:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c1 c1 BLOB;
ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c1 c1 TEXT CHARACTER SET utf8

This is the recommended way, and it is explicitely documented in Alter Table Syntax Documentation.

The values use in a different encoding

The default encoding was Latin1 for several years on a some Linux distributions. In this case, you have to use a combination of the two techniques:

• Fix the table meta-data, using the BLOB type trick
• Convert the values using CONVERT TO.

Answer 3

A straightforward conversion will potentially break any strings with non-utf7 characters.

If you don't have any of those (i.e. all of your text is english), you'll usually be fine.

If you've any of those, however, you need to convert all char/varchar/text fields to blob in an initial run, and to convert them to utf8 in a subsequent run.

See this article for detailed procedures:

http://codex.wordpress.org/Converting_Database_Character_Sets