When is a `thread_local` global variable initialized?

Question

Consider the following example (lock guards on cout omitted for simplicity).

#include 
#include 
#include 

        

Answer 1

The standard allows for this behavior, although it doesn't guarantee it. From 3.7.2/2 [basic.stc.thread]:

A variable with thread storage duration shall be initialized before its first odr-use (3.2) and, if constructed, shall be destroyed on thread exit.

It's also possible that the objects are constructed at some other time (e.g. on program startup), as "before first use" means "at any point as long as it is before" rather than does "just before".