You've actually hit the nail on the head in your description. There is no single website that'll provide you with the detail you seek in every one of those facets.
I find these three are incredibly useful when starting on a blank page: Mozilla DOM Reference (for general js syntax, etc), w3schools x/html reference (look up uncommon attributes!) and quirksmode (cross-browser js/style details). These are quite highly ranked so look for their urls if you're searching for something specific.
As for specific browser quirks, your best bet is to handle these as they come up and develop skills for googling for answers efficiently. Lots of browser quirks have many variables that go into what you actually end up seeing and how developed a 'solution' is for a specific quirk depends on how much time someone has spent investigating it. Read a bunch of search results and see if the problems are all similar or completely separate. Then, refine your search!
