OK, I\'ve just got myself a shiny new MacBook Pro, and having been developing my iPhone app on another MacBook, I wanted to migrate my development to my new computer.
<I know you've already checked some of this, but just so this answer is complete:
One important but easy to overlook item: make sure all your provisioning keys & certs are on the login keychain. I ran into this when I tried to create a new "development" keychain and all my profiles became "invalid".
My problem was actually that I already installed the app via a testflight on my phone, after removing the app it worked!
Going into Window > Devices and looking at the Installed Apps, I was able to find out that my app was already installed. Select the app and hit '-' to remove it from the device. Try rebuilding your app with that device as the target.
Worked for me, even though from the phone I couldn't find where the app was installed!
In addition to verifying the code signing, be sure to go to the Build menu and run "Clean all targets". Xcode gets mixed up from time to time.
Problem solved (at least for me!)
Export Developer profile on machine that works, then import on machine with the problem. Done through Preferences/Accounts, Gear icon on the bottom.