What are those strange array sizes [*] and [static] in C99?

Question

Apparently the following function prototypes are valid in C99 and C11:

void foo(int a[const *]);

void bar(int a[static volatile 10]);

What

Answer 1

static in parameter array declarator

 void f(int a[static 10]);

static here is an indication that parameter a is a pointer to int but that the array objet (where a is a pointer to its first element) has at least 10 elements.

A compiler has then the right to assume f argument is not NULL and therefore it could perform some optimizations. gcc currently performs no optimization (source):

"The information provided by static in parameter array declarators is not used for optimization. It might make sense to use it in future in conjunction with work on prefetching."

qualifier in parameter array declarator

void g(int a[cvr 10]);

inside g a is a cvr pointer to int (cvr is const, volatile or restrict qualifier). For example, with const it means a is a const pointer to int (i.e., type int * const).

So a parameter declaration:

T param[cvr e] 

is the same as a parameter declaration:

T * cvr param

* in parameter array declarator

void h(int a[*]);

The [*] in a formal array parameter declaration in a function declaration (that is not part of a function definition) indicates that the formal array is a variable length array.