Apply vs transform on a group object

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别跟我提以往 2020-11-22 15:04

Consider the following dataframe:

     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one  0.162003  0.087469
1  bar    one -1.156319 -1.526272
2  foo    two  0.8338         


        
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  • 2020-11-22 15:08

    Two major differences between apply and transform

    There are two major differences between the transform and apply groupby methods.

    • Input:
    • apply implicitly passes all the columns for each group as a DataFrame to the custom function.
    • while transform passes each column for each group individually as a Series to the custom function.
    • Output:
    • The custom function passed to apply can return a scalar, or a Series or DataFrame (or numpy array or even list).
    • The custom function passed to transform must return a sequence (a one dimensional Series, array or list) the same length as the group.

    So, transform works on just one Series at a time and apply works on the entire DataFrame at once.

    Inspecting the custom function

    It can help quite a bit to inspect the input to your custom function passed to apply or transform.

    Examples

    Let's create some sample data and inspect the groups so that you can see what I am talking about:

    import pandas as pd
    import numpy as np
    df = pd.DataFrame({'State':['Texas', 'Texas', 'Florida', 'Florida'], 
                       'a':[4,5,1,3], 'b':[6,10,3,11]})
    
         State  a   b
    0    Texas  4   6
    1    Texas  5  10
    2  Florida  1   3
    3  Florida  3  11
    

    Let's create a simple custom function that prints out the type of the implicitly passed object and then raised an error so that execution can be stopped.

    def inspect(x):
        print(type(x))
        raise
    

    Now let's pass this function to both the groupby apply and transform methods to see what object is passed to it:

    df.groupby('State').apply(inspect)
    
    <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
    <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
    RuntimeError
    

    As you can see, a DataFrame is passed into the inspect function. You might be wondering why the type, DataFrame, got printed out twice. Pandas runs the first group twice. It does this to determine if there is a fast way to complete the computation or not. This is a minor detail that you shouldn't worry about.

    Now, let's do the same thing with transform

    df.groupby('State').transform(inspect)
    <class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>
    <class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>
    RuntimeError
    

    It is passed a Series - a totally different Pandas object.

    So, transform is only allowed to work with a single Series at a time. It is impossible for it to act on two columns at the same time. So, if we try and subtract column a from b inside of our custom function we would get an error with transform. See below:

    def subtract_two(x):
        return x['a'] - x['b']
    
    df.groupby('State').transform(subtract_two)
    KeyError: ('a', 'occurred at index a')
    

    We get a KeyError as pandas is attempting to find the Series index a which does not exist. You can complete this operation with apply as it has the entire DataFrame:

    df.groupby('State').apply(subtract_two)
    
    State     
    Florida  2   -2
             3   -8
    Texas    0   -2
             1   -5
    dtype: int64
    

    The output is a Series and a little confusing as the original index is kept, but we have access to all columns.


    Displaying the passed pandas object

    It can help even more to display the entire pandas object within the custom function, so you can see exactly what you are operating with. You can use print statements by I like to use the display function from the IPython.display module so that the DataFrames get nicely outputted in HTML in a jupyter notebook:

    from IPython.display import display
    def subtract_two(x):
        display(x)
        return x['a'] - x['b']
    

    Screenshot:


    Transform must return a single dimensional sequence the same size as the group

    The other difference is that transform must return a single dimensional sequence the same size as the group. In this particular instance, each group has two rows, so transform must return a sequence of two rows. If it does not then an error is raised:

    def return_three(x):
        return np.array([1, 2, 3])
    
    df.groupby('State').transform(return_three)
    ValueError: transform must return a scalar value for each group
    

    The error message is not really descriptive of the problem. You must return a sequence the same length as the group. So, a function like this would work:

    def rand_group_len(x):
        return np.random.rand(len(x))
    
    df.groupby('State').transform(rand_group_len)
    
              a         b
    0  0.962070  0.151440
    1  0.440956  0.782176
    2  0.642218  0.483257
    3  0.056047  0.238208
    

    Returning a single scalar object also works for transform

    If you return just a single scalar from your custom function, then transform will use it for each of the rows in the group:

    def group_sum(x):
        return x.sum()
    
    df.groupby('State').transform(group_sum)
    
       a   b
    0  9  16
    1  9  16
    2  4  14
    3  4  14
    
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  • 2020-11-22 15:14

    As I felt similarly confused with .transform operation vs. .apply I found a few answers shedding some light on the issue. This answer for example was very helpful.

    My takeout so far is that .transform will work (or deal) with Series (columns) in isolation from each other. What this means is that in your last two calls:

    df.groupby('A').transform(lambda x: (x['C'] - x['D']))
    df.groupby('A').transform(lambda x: (x['C'] - x['D']).mean())
    

    You asked .transform to take values from two columns and 'it' actually does not 'see' both of them at the same time (so to speak). transform will look at the dataframe columns one by one and return back a series (or group of series) 'made' of scalars which are repeated len(input_column) times.

    So this scalar, that should be used by .transform to make the Series is a result of some reduction function applied on an input Series (and only on ONE series/column at a time).

    Consider this example (on your dataframe):

    zscore = lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / x.std() # Note that it does not reference anything outside of 'x' and for transform 'x' is one column.
    df.groupby('A').transform(zscore)
    

    will yield:

           C      D
    0  0.989  0.128
    1 -0.478  0.489
    2  0.889 -0.589
    3 -0.671 -1.150
    4  0.034 -0.285
    5  1.149  0.662
    6 -1.404 -0.907
    7 -0.509  1.653
    

    Which is exactly the same as if you would use it on only on one column at a time:

    df.groupby('A')['C'].transform(zscore)
    

    yielding:

    0    0.989
    1   -0.478
    2    0.889
    3   -0.671
    4    0.034
    5    1.149
    6   -1.404
    7   -0.509
    

    Note that .apply in the last example (df.groupby('A')['C'].apply(zscore)) would work in exactly the same way, but it would fail if you tried using it on a dataframe:

    df.groupby('A').apply(zscore)
    

    gives error:

    ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (6,) (2,)
    

    So where else is .transform useful? The simplest case is trying to assign results of reduction function back to original dataframe.

    df['sum_C'] = df.groupby('A')['C'].transform(sum)
    df.sort('A') # to clearly see the scalar ('sum') applies to the whole column of the group
    

    yielding:

         A      B      C      D  sum_C
    1  bar    one  1.998  0.593  3.973
    3  bar  three  1.287 -0.639  3.973
    5  bar    two  0.687 -1.027  3.973
    4  foo    two  0.205  1.274  4.373
    2  foo    two  0.128  0.924  4.373
    6  foo    one  2.113 -0.516  4.373
    7  foo  three  0.657 -1.179  4.373
    0  foo    one  1.270  0.201  4.373
    

    Trying the same with .apply would give NaNs in sum_C. Because .apply would return a reduced Series, which it does not know how to broadcast back:

    df.groupby('A')['C'].apply(sum)
    

    giving:

    A
    bar    3.973
    foo    4.373
    

    There are also cases when .transform is used to filter the data:

    df[df.groupby(['B'])['D'].transform(sum) < -1]
    
         A      B      C      D
    3  bar  three  1.287 -0.639
    7  foo  three  0.657 -1.179
    

    I hope this adds a bit more clarity.

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  • 2020-11-22 15:20
    tmp = df.groupby(['A'])['c'].transform('mean')
    

    is like

    tmp1 = df.groupby(['A']).agg({'c':'mean'})
    tmp = df['A'].map(tmp1['c'])
    

    or

    tmp1 = df.groupby(['A'])['c'].mean()
    tmp = df['A'].map(tmp1)
    
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  • 2020-11-22 15:34

    I am going to use a very simple snippet to illustrate the difference:

    test = pd.DataFrame({'id':[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3], 'price':[1,2,3,2,3,1,3,1,2]})
    grouping = test.groupby('id')['price']
    

    The DataFrame looks like this:

        id  price   
    0   1   1   
    1   2   2   
    2   3   3   
    3   1   2   
    4   2   3   
    5   3   1   
    6   1   3   
    7   2   1   
    8   3   2   
    

    There are 3 customer IDs in this table, each customer made three transactions and paid 1,2,3 dollars each time.

    Now, I want to find the minimum payment made by each customer. There are two ways of doing it:

    1. Using apply:

      grouping.min()

    The return looks like this:

    id
    1    1
    2    1
    3    1
    Name: price, dtype: int64
    
    pandas.core.series.Series # return type
    Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64', name='id') #The returned Series' index
    # lenght is 3
    
    1. Using transform:

      grouping.transform(min)

    The return looks like this:

    0    1
    1    1
    2    1
    3    1
    4    1
    5    1
    6    1
    7    1
    8    1
    Name: price, dtype: int64
    
    pandas.core.series.Series # return type
    RangeIndex(start=0, stop=9, step=1) # The returned Series' index
    # length is 9    
    

    Both methods return a Series object, but the length of the first one is 3 and the length of the second one is 9.

    If you want to answer What is the minimum price paid by each customer, then the apply method is the more suitable one to choose.

    If you want to answer What is the difference between the amount paid for each transaction vs the minimum payment, then you want to use transform, because:

    test['minimum'] = grouping.transform(min) # ceates an extra column filled with minimum payment
    test.price - test.minimum # returns the difference for each row
    

    Apply does not work here simply because it returns a Series of size 3, but the original df's length is 9. You cannot integrate it back to the original df easily.

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