I followed @josh3737 and installed the latest MSI from the node.js homepage.
But I had the additional problem that I still had the old node and npm on the command line. The problem was caused by the new installation, that it was installed into
C:\Program Files (x86)\nodejs\
instead of the previous installation in
C:\Program Files\nodejs\
The new installation added the new directory into my path variable after the old one. So the old installation was still the active one in the path. After removing C:\Program Files\nodejs\
from system path and C:\Users\...\AppData\Roaming\npm
from user path and restarting the command line the new installation was active.
Maybe the least path was a local problem that has nothing to do with the new installation, I had two links to AppData\Roaming\npm
in it. And maybe this can also be fixed by first uninstalling node.js and installing the new version afterwards.