How to get all subsets of a set? (powerset)

Question

Given a set

{0, 1, 2, 3}

How can I produce the subsets:

[set(),
 {0},
 {1},
 {2},
 {3},
 {0, 1},
 {0, 2},
 {0, 3},
 {1, 2}         


        

Answer 1

All subsets in range n as set:

n = int(input())
l = [i for i in range (1, n + 1)]

for number in range(2 ** n) :
    binary = bin(number)[: 1 : -1]
    subset = [l[i] for i in range(len(binary)) if binary[i] == "1"]
    print(set(sorted(subset)) if number > 0 else "{}")

Answer 2

TL;DR (go directly to Simplification)

I know I have previously added an answer, but I really like my new implementation. I am taking a set as input, but it actually could be any iterable, and I am returning a set of sets which is the power set of the input. I like this approach because it is more aligned with the mathematical definition of power set (set of all subsets).

def power_set(A):
    """A is an iterable (list, tuple, set, str, etc)
    returns a set which is the power set of A."""
    length = len(A)
    l = [a for a in A]
    ps = set()

    for i in range(2 ** length):
        selector = f'{i:0{length}b}'
        subset = {l[j] for j, bit in enumerate(selector) if bit == '1'}
        ps.add(frozenset(subset))

    return ps

If you want exactly the output you posted in your answer use this:

>>> [set(s) for s in power_set({1, 2, 3, 4})]
[{3, 4},
 {2},
 {1, 4},
 {2, 3, 4},
 {2, 3},
 {1, 2, 4},
 {1, 2},
 {1, 2, 3},
 {3},
 {2, 4},
 {1},
 {1, 2, 3, 4},
 set(),
 {1, 3},
 {1, 3, 4},
 {4}]

Explanation

It is known that the number of elements of the power set is 2 ** len(A), so that could clearly be seen in the for loop.

I need to convert the input (ideally a set) into a list because by a set is a data structure of unique unordered elements, and the order will be crucial to generate the subsets.

selector is key in this algorithm. Note that selector has the same length as the input set, and to make this possible it is using an f-string with padding. Basically, this allows me to select the elements that will be added to each subset during each iteration. Let's say the input set has 3 elements {0, 1, 2}, so selector will take values between 0 and 7 (inclusive), which in binary are:

000 # 0
001 # 1
010 # 2
011 # 3
100 # 4
101 # 5
110 # 6
111 # 7

So, each bit could serve as an indicator if an element of the original set should be added or not. Look at the binary numbers, and just think of each number as an element of the super set in which 1 means that an element at index j should be added, and 0 means that this element should not be added.

I am using a set comprehension to generate a subset at each iteration, and I convert this subset into a frozenset so I can add it to ps (power set). Otherwise, I won't be able to add it because a set in Python consists only of immutable objects.

Simplification

You can simplify the code using some python comprehensions, so you can get rid of those for loops. You can also use zip to avoid using j index and the code will end up as the following:

def power_set(A):
    length = len(A)
    return {
        frozenset({e for e, b in zip(A, f'{i:{length}b}') if b == '1'})
        for i in range(2 ** length)
    }

That's it. What I like of this algorithm is that is clearer and more intuitive than others because it looks quite magical to rely on itertools even though it works as expected.

Answer 3

I know this is too late

There are many other solutions already but still...

def power_set(lst):
    pw_set = [[]]

    for i in range(0,len(lst)):
        for j in range(0,len(pw_set)):
            ele = pw_set[j].copy()
            ele = ele + [lst[i]]
            pw_set = pw_set + [ele]

    return pw_set

Answer 4

Here is my quick implementation utilizing combinations but using only built-ins.

def powerSet(array):
    length = str(len(array))
    formatter = '{:0' + length + 'b}'
    combinations = []
    for i in xrange(2**int(length)):
        combinations.append(formatter.format(i))
    sets = set()
    currentSet = []
    for combo in combinations:
        for i,val in enumerate(combo):
            if val=='1':
                currentSet.append(array[i])
        sets.add(tuple(sorted(currentSet)))
        currentSet = []
    return sets

Answer 5

import math    
def printPowerSet(set,set_size): 
    pow_set_size =int(math.pow(2, set_size))
    for counter in range(pow_set_size):
    for j in range(set_size):  
        if((counter & (1 << j)) > 0):
            print(set[j], end = "")
    print("")
set = ['a', 'b', 'c']
printPowerSet(set,3)

Answer 6

A variation of the question, is an exercise I see on the book "Discovering Computer Science: Interdisciplinary Problems, Principles, and Python Programming. 2015 edition". In that exercise 10.2.11, the input is just an integer number, and the output should be the power sets. Here is my recursive solution (not using anything else but basic python3 )

def powerSetR(n):
    assert n >= 0
    if n == 0:
        return [[]]
    else:
        input_set = list(range(1, n+1)) # [1,2,...n]
        main_subset = [ ]
        for small_subset in powerSetR(n-1):
            main_subset += [small_subset]
            main_subset += [ [input_set[-1]] + small_subset]
        return main_subset

superset = powerSetR(4)
print(superset)       
print("Number of sublists:", len(superset))

And the output is

[[], [4], [3], [4, 3], [2], [4, 2], [3, 2], [4, 3, 2], [1], [4, 1], [3, 1], [4, 3, 1], [2, 1], [4, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1], [4, 3, 2, 1]] Number of sublists: 16