Are Python and JavaScript regular expression syntax identical?
If not, then:
There is a comparison table here:
Regex Flavor Comparison
Part 1
They are different; One difference is Python supports Unicode and Javascript doesn't.
Part 2
Read Mastering Regular Expressions. It gives information on how to identify the back-end engines (DFA vs NFA vs Hybrid) that a regex flavour uses. It gives tons of information on the different regex flavours out there.
There is way too much information to convey on a single SO answer, so you're better off having a solid piece of reference material on the subject.
http://www.regular-expressions.info/javascript.html vs http://www.regular-expressions.info/python.html