How to use the new SD card access API presented for Android 5.0 (Lollipop)?

Question

Background

On Android 4.4 (KitKat), Google has made access to the SD card quite restricted.

As of Android Lollipop (5.0), developers can use a new API that

Answer 1

In my Android project in Github, linked below, you can find working code that allows to write on extSdCard in Android 5. It assumes that the user gives access to the whole SD Card and then lets you write everywhere on this card. (If you want to have access only to single files, things get easier.)

Main Code snipplets

Triggering the Storage Access Framework:

@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
private void triggerStorageAccessFramework() {
    Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT_TREE);
    startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_CODE_STORAGE_ACCESS);
}

Handling the response from the Storage Access Framework:

@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
@Override
public final void onActivityResult(final int requestCode, final int resultCode, final Intent resultData) {
    if (requestCode == SettingsFragment.REQUEST_CODE_STORAGE_ACCESS) {
        Uri treeUri = null;
        if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
            // Get Uri from Storage Access Framework.
            treeUri = resultData.getData();

            // Persist URI in shared preference so that you can use it later.
            // Use your own framework here instead of PreferenceUtil.
            PreferenceUtil.setSharedPreferenceUri(R.string.key_internal_uri_extsdcard, treeUri);

            // Persist access permissions.
            final int takeFlags = resultData.getFlags()
                & (Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);
            getActivity().getContentResolver().takePersistableUriPermission(treeUri, takeFlags);
        }
    }
}

Getting an outputStream for a file via the Storage Access Framework (making use of the stored URL, assuming that this is the URL of the root folder of the external SD card)

DocumentFile targetDocument = getDocumentFile(file, false);
OutputStream outStream = Application.getAppContext().
    getContentResolver().openOutputStream(targetDocument.getUri());

This uses the following helper methods:

public static DocumentFile getDocumentFile(final File file, final boolean isDirectory) {
    String baseFolder = getExtSdCardFolder(file);

    if (baseFolder == null) {
        return null;
    }

    String relativePath = null;
    try {
        String fullPath = file.getCanonicalPath();
        relativePath = fullPath.substring(baseFolder.length() + 1);
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
        return null;
    }

    Uri treeUri = PreferenceUtil.getSharedPreferenceUri(R.string.key_internal_uri_extsdcard);

    if (treeUri == null) {
        return null;
    }

    // start with root of SD card and then parse through document tree.
    DocumentFile document = DocumentFile.fromTreeUri(Application.getAppContext(), treeUri);

    String[] parts = relativePath.split("\\/");
    for (int i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
        DocumentFile nextDocument = document.findFile(parts[i]);

        if (nextDocument == null) {
            if ((i < parts.length - 1) || isDirectory) {
                nextDocument = document.createDirectory(parts[i]);
            }
            else {
                nextDocument = document.createFile("image", parts[i]);
            }
        }
        document = nextDocument;
    }

    return document;
}

public static String getExtSdCardFolder(final File file) {
    String[] extSdPaths = getExtSdCardPaths();
    try {
        for (int i = 0; i < extSdPaths.length; i++) {
            if (file.getCanonicalPath().startsWith(extSdPaths[i])) {
                return extSdPaths[i];
            }
        }
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
        return null;
    }
    return null;
}

/**
 * Get a list of external SD card paths. (Kitkat or higher.)
 *
 * @return A list of external SD card paths.
 */
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT)
private static String[] getExtSdCardPaths() {
    List<String> paths = new ArrayList<>();
    for (File file : Application.getAppContext().getExternalFilesDirs("external")) {
        if (file != null && !file.equals(Application.getAppContext().getExternalFilesDir("external"))) {
            int index = file.getAbsolutePath().lastIndexOf("/Android/data");
            if (index < 0) {
                Log.w(Application.TAG, "Unexpected external file dir: " + file.getAbsolutePath());
            }
            else {
                String path = file.getAbsolutePath().substring(0, index);
                try {
                    path = new File(path).getCanonicalPath();
                }
                catch (IOException e) {
                    // Keep non-canonical path.
                }
                paths.add(path);
            }
        }
    }
    return paths.toArray(new String[paths.size()]);
}

 /**
 * Retrieve the application context.
 *
 * @return The (statically stored) application context
 */
public static Context getAppContext() {
    return Application.mApplication.getApplicationContext();
}

Reference to the full code

https://github.com/jeisfeld/Augendiagnose/blob/master/AugendiagnoseIdea/augendiagnoseLib/src/main/java/de/jeisfeld/augendiagnoselib/fragments/SettingsFragment.java#L521

and

https://github.com/jeisfeld/Augendiagnose/blob/master/AugendiagnoseIdea/augendiagnoseLib/src/main/java/de/jeisfeld/augendiagnoselib/util/imagefile/FileUtil.java

Answer 2

Lots of good questions, let's dig in. :)

How do you use it?

Here's a great tutorial for interacting with the Storage Access Framework in KitKat:

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/providers/document-provider.html#client

Interacting with the new APIs in Lollipop is very similar. To prompt the user to pick a directory tree, you can launch an intent like this:

    Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT_TREE);
    startActivityForResult(intent, 42);

Then in your onActivityResult(), you can pass the user-picked Uri to the new DocumentFile helper class. Here's a quick example that lists the files in the picked directory, and then creates a new file:

public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent resultData) {
    if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
        Uri treeUri = resultData.getData();
        DocumentFile pickedDir = DocumentFile.fromTreeUri(this, treeUri);

        // List all existing files inside picked directory
        for (DocumentFile file : pickedDir.listFiles()) {
            Log.d(TAG, "Found file " + file.getName() + " with size " + file.length());
        }

        // Create a new file and write into it
        DocumentFile newFile = pickedDir.createFile("text/plain", "My Novel");
        OutputStream out = getContentResolver().openOutputStream(newFile.getUri());
        out.write("A long time ago...".getBytes());
        out.close();
    }
}

The Uri returned by DocumentFile.getUri() is flexible enough to use with may different platform APIs. For example, you could share it using Intent.setData() with Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION.

If you want to access that Uri from native code, you can call ContentResolver.openFileDescriptor() and then use ParcelFileDescriptor.getFd() or detachFd() to obtain a traditional POSIX file descriptor integer.

How do you check if you can access the files/folders?

By default, the Uris returned through Storage Access Frameworks intents are not persisted across reboots. The platform "offers" the ability to persist the permission, but you still need to "take" the permission if you want it. In our example above, you'd call:

    getContentResolver().takePersistableUriPermission(treeUri,
            Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION |
            Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

You can always figure out what persisted grants your app has access to through the ContentResolver.getPersistedUriPermissions() API. If you no longer need access to a persisted Uri, you can release it with ContentResolver.releasePersistableUriPermission().

Is this available on KitKat?

No, we can't retroactively add new functionality to older versions of the platform.

Can I see what apps have access to files/folders?

There's currently no UI that shows this, but you can find the details in the "Granted Uri Permissions" section of adb shell dumpsys activity providers output.

What happens if an app is installed for multiple users on the same device?

Uri permission grants are isolated on a per-user basis, just like all other multi-user platform functionality. That is, the same app running under two different users has no overlaping or shared Uri permission grants.

Can the permissions be revoked?

The backing DocumentProvider can revoke permission at any time, such as when a cloud-based document is deleted. The most common way to discover these revoked permissions is when they disappear from ContentResolver.getPersistedUriPermissions() mentioned above.

Permissions are also revoked whenever app data is cleared for either app involved in the grant.

Would asking for the permission work recursively on a selected folder?

Yep, the ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT_TREE intent gives you recursive access to both existing and newly created files and directories.

Does this allow multiple selection?

Yep, multiple selection has been supported since KitKat, and you can allow it by setting EXTRA_ALLOW_MULTIPLE when starting your ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT intent. You can use Intent.setType() or EXTRA_MIME_TYPES to narrow the types of files that can be picked:

http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html#ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT

Is there a way on the emulator to try the new API?

Yep, the primary shared storage device should appear in the picker, even on the emulator. If your app only uses the Storage Access Framework for accessing shared storage, you no longer need the READ/WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permissions at all and can remove them or use the android:maxSdkVersion feature to only request them on older platform versions.

What happens when the user replaces the SD-card with another one?

When physical media is involved, the UUID (such as FAT serial number) of the underlying media is always burned into the returned Uri. The system uses this to connect you to the media that the user originally selected, even if the user swaps the media around between multiple slots.

If the user swaps in a second card, you'll need to prompt to gain access to the new card. Since the system remembers grants on a per-UUID basis, you'll continue to have previously-granted access to the original card if the user reinserts it later.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_serial_number

Answer 3

It is just a complementary answer.

After you created a new file, you might need to save its location into your database and read it tomorrow. You can read retrieve it again using this method:

/**
 * Get {@link DocumentFile} object from SD card.
 * @param directory SD card ID followed by directory name, for example {@code 6881-2249:Download/Archive},
 *                 where ID for SD card is {@code 6881-2249}
 * @param fileName for example {@code intel_haxm.zip}
 * @return <code>null</code> if does not exist
 */
public static DocumentFile getExternalFile(Context context, String directory, String fileName){
    Uri uri = Uri.parse("content://com.android.externalstorage.documents/tree/" + directory);
    DocumentFile parent = DocumentFile.fromTreeUri(context, uri);
    return parent != null ? parent.findFile(fileName) : null;
}

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
    super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
    if (requestCode == SettingsFragment.REQUEST_CODE_STORAGE_ACCESS && resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
        int takeFlags = Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION;
        getContentResolver().takePersistableUriPermission(data.getData(), takeFlags);
        String sdcard = data.getDataString().replace("content://com.android.externalstorage.documents/tree/", "");
        try {
            sdcard = URLDecoder.decode(sdcard, "ISO-8859-1");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        // for example, sdcardId results "6312-2234"
        String sdcardId = sdcard.substring(0, sdcard.indexOf(':'));
        // save to preferences if you want to use it later
        SharedPreferences preferences = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
        preferences.edit().putString("sdcard", sdcardId).apply();
    }
}