Python nonlocal statement

Question

What does the Python nonlocal statement do (in Python 3.0 and later)?

There\'s no documentation on the official Python website and help(\"nonloca

Answer 1

Quote from the Python 3 Reference:

The nonlocal statement causes the listed identifiers to refer to previously bound variables in the nearest enclosing scope excluding globals.

As said in the reference, in case of several nested functions only variable in the nearest enclosing function is modified:

def outer():
    def inner():
        def innermost():
            nonlocal x
            x = 3

        x = 2
        innermost()
        if x == 3: print('Inner x has been modified')

    x = 1
    inner()
    if x == 3: print('Outer x has been modified')

x = 0
outer()
if x == 3: print('Global x has been modified')

# Inner x has been modified

The "nearest" variable can be several levels away:

def outer():
    def inner():
        def innermost():
            nonlocal x
            x = 3

        innermost()

    x = 1
    inner()
    if x == 3: print('Outer x has been modified')

x = 0
outer()
if x == 3: print('Global x has been modified')

# Outer x has been modified

But it cannot be a global variable:

def outer():
    def inner():
        def innermost():
            nonlocal x
            x = 3

        innermost()

    inner()

x = 0
outer()
if x == 3: print('Global x has been modified')

# SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal 'x' found

Answer 2

Compare this, without using nonlocal:

x = 0
def outer():
    x = 1
    def inner():
        x = 2
        print("inner:", x)

    inner()
    print("outer:", x)

outer()
print("global:", x)

# inner: 2
# outer: 1
# global: 0

To this, using nonlocal, where inner()'s x is now also outer()'s x:

x = 0
def outer():
    x = 1
    def inner():
        nonlocal x
        x = 2
        print("inner:", x)

    inner()
    print("outer:", x)

outer()
print("global:", x)

# inner: 2
# outer: 2
# global: 0

If we were to use global, it would bind x to the properly "global" value:

x = 0
def outer():
    x = 1
    def inner():
        global x
        x = 2
        print("inner:", x)

    inner()
    print("outer:", x)

outer()
print("global:", x)

# inner: 2
# outer: 1
# global: 2

Answer 3

with 'nonlocal' inner functions(ie;nested inner functions) can get read & 'write' permission for that specific variable of the outer parent function. And nonlocal can be used only inside inner functions eg:

a = 10
def Outer(msg):
    a = 20
    b = 30
    def Inner():
        c = 50
        d = 60
        print("MU LCL =",locals())
        nonlocal a
        a = 100
        ans = a+c
        print("Hello from Inner",ans)       
        print("value of a Inner : ",a)
    Inner()
    print("value of a Outer : ",a)

res = Outer("Hello World")
print(res)
print("value of a Global : ",a)

Answer 4

@ooboo:

It takes the one "closest" to the point of reference in the source code. This is called "Lexical Scoping" and is standard for >40 years now.

Python's class members are really in a dictionary called __dict__ and will never be reached by lexical scoping.

If you don't specify nonlocal but do x = 7, it will create a new local variable "x". If you do specify nonlocal, it will find the "closest" "x" and assign to that. If you specify nonlocal and there is no "x", it will give you an error message.

The keyword global has always seemed strange to me since it will happily ignore all the other "x" except for the outermost one. Weird.

Answer 5

My personal understanding of the "nonlocal" statement (and do excuse me as I am new to Python and Programming in general) is that the "nonlocal" is a way to use the Global functionality within iterated functions rather than the body of the code itself. A Global statement between functions if you will.

Answer 6

A google search for "python nonlocal" turned up the Proposal, PEP 3104, which fully describes the syntax and reasoning behind the statement. in short, it works in exactly the same way as the global statement, except that it is used to refer to variables that are neither global nor local to the function.

Here's a brief example of what you can do with this. The counter generator can be rewritten to use this so that it looks more like the idioms of languages with closures.

def make_counter():
    count = 0
    def counter():
        nonlocal count
        count += 1
        return count
    return counter

Obviously, you could write this as a generator, like:

def counter_generator():
    count = 0
    while True:
        count += 1
        yield count

But while this is perfectly idiomatic python, it seems that the first version would be a bit more obvious for beginners. Properly using generators, by calling the returned function, is a common point of confusion. The first version explicitly returns a function.