900 byte index size limit in character length

Question

What is the total character limit for a 900 byte index limit that SQL Server 2012 has. I created a column that has varchar(2000), but I think that it exceeding

Answer 1

The storage size for varchar is the actual length of the data entered + 2 bytes. Even though the column itself has that 2 byte overhead, you can put up to 900 byte varchar values into a column which is indexed.

In practice, you can create an index on a column larger than 900 bytes in size, but you will have a problem if you actually try to insert something larger than 900 bytes:

create table test (
    col varchar(1000)
);
create index test_index on test (col);
-- Warning! The maximum key length is 900 bytes. The index 'test_index' has maximum length of 1000 bytes. For some combination of large values, the insert/update operation will fail.
insert into test select cast(replicate('x', 899) as varchar(1000)); -- Success
insert into test select cast(replicate('y', 900) as varchar(1000)); -- Success
insert into test select cast(replicate('z', 901) as varchar(1000)); -- Fail
-- Msg 1946, Level 16, State 3, Line 8
-- Operation failed. The index entry of length 901 bytes for the index 'test_index' exceeds the maximum length of 900 bytes.

Be aware that the 900-byte limit includes all columns of a given index key, as this example shows:

create table test (
      col varchar(1000)
    , otherCol bit -- This column will take a byte out of the index below, pun intended
);
create index test_index on test (col, otherCol);
insert into test select cast(replicate('x', 899) as varchar(1000)), 0; -- Success
insert into test select cast(replicate('y', 900) as varchar(1000)), 0; -- Fail
insert into test select cast(replicate('z', 901) as varchar(1000)), 0; -- Fail

For these columns that are normally too large for an index key, you may be able to gain some benefits of indexing by including them in an index.

Answer 2

For those on SQLServer 2016, Index key size was increased to 1700 bytes..What's new in Database Engine - SQL Server 2016

The maximum index key size for NONCLUSTERED indexes has been increased to 1700 bytes.

Demo:

create table test
(
id varchar(800),
id1 varchar(900)
)

insert into test
select replicate('a',800),replicate('b',900)

create index nci on test(id,id1)

Answer 3

On a related note, another option you can try, to get an index on a wide column, is outlined at http://www.brentozar.com/archive/2013/05/indexing-wide-keys-in-sql-server/ where a hash column is added to the table then indexed and used in your queries.