Linear Regression and group by in R

Question

I want to do a linear regression in R using the lm() function. My data is an annual time series with one field for year (22 years) and another for state (50 sta

Answer 1

The question seems to be about how to call regression functions with formulas which are modified inside a loop.

Here is how you can do it in (using diamonds dataset):

attach(ggplot2::diamonds)
strCols = names(ggplot2::diamonds)

formula <- list(); model <- list()
for (i in 1:1) {
  formula[[i]] = paste0(strCols[7], " ~ ", strCols[7+i])
  model[[i]] = glm(formula[[i]]) 

  #then you can plot the results or anything else ...
  png(filename = sprintf("diamonds_price=glm(%s).png", strCols[7+i]))
  par(mfrow = c(2, 2))      
  plot(model[[i]])
  dev.off()
  }

Answer 2

I think it's worthwhile to add the purrr::map approach to this problem.

library(tidyverse)

d <- data.frame(state=rep(c('NY', 'CA'), c(10, 10)),
                                 year=rep(1:10, 2),
                                 response=c(rnorm(10), rnorm(10)))

d %>% 
  group_by(state) %>% 
  nest() %>% 
  mutate(model = map(data, ~lm(response ~ year, data = .)))

See @Paul Hiemstra's answer for further ideas on using the broom package with these results.

Answer 3

Since 2009, dplyr has been released which actually provides a very nice way to do this kind of grouping, closely resembling what SAS does.

library(dplyr)

d <- data.frame(state=rep(c('NY', 'CA'), c(10, 10)),
                year=rep(1:10, 2),
                response=c(rnorm(10), rnorm(10)))
fitted_models = d %>% group_by(state) %>% do(model = lm(response ~ year, data = .))
# Source: local data frame [2 x 2]
# Groups: <by row>
#
#    state   model
#   (fctr)   (chr)
# 1     CA <S3:lm>
# 2     NY <S3:lm>
fitted_models$model
# [[1]]
# 
# Call:
# lm(formula = response ~ year, data = .)
# 
# Coefficients:
# (Intercept)         year  
#    -0.06354      0.02677  
#
#
# [[2]]
# 
# Call:
# lm(formula = response ~ year, data = .)
# 
# Coefficients:
# (Intercept)         year  
#    -0.35136      0.09385  

To retrieve the coefficients and Rsquared/p.value, one can use the broom package. This package provides:

three S3 generics: tidy, which summarizes a model's statistical findings such as coefficients of a regression; augment, which adds columns to the original data such as predictions, residuals and cluster assignments; and glance, which provides a one-row summary of model-level statistics.

library(broom)
fitted_models %>% tidy(model)
# Source: local data frame [4 x 6]
# Groups: state [2]
# 
#    state        term    estimate  std.error  statistic   p.value
#   (fctr)       (chr)       (dbl)      (dbl)      (dbl)     (dbl)
# 1     CA (Intercept) -0.06354035 0.83863054 -0.0757668 0.9414651
# 2     CA        year  0.02677048 0.13515755  0.1980687 0.8479318
# 3     NY (Intercept) -0.35135766 0.60100314 -0.5846187 0.5749166
# 4     NY        year  0.09385309 0.09686043  0.9689519 0.3609470
fitted_models %>% glance(model)
# Source: local data frame [2 x 12]
# Groups: state [2]
# 
#    state   r.squared adj.r.squared     sigma statistic   p.value    df
#   (fctr)       (dbl)         (dbl)     (dbl)     (dbl)     (dbl) (int)
# 1     CA 0.004879969  -0.119510035 1.2276294 0.0392312 0.8479318     2
# 2     NY 0.105032068  -0.006838924 0.8797785 0.9388678 0.3609470     2
# Variables not shown: logLik (dbl), AIC (dbl), BIC (dbl), deviance (dbl),
#   df.residual (int)
fitted_models %>% augment(model)
# Source: local data frame [20 x 10]
# Groups: state [2]
# 
#     state   response  year      .fitted   .se.fit     .resid      .hat
#    (fctr)      (dbl) (int)        (dbl)     (dbl)      (dbl)     (dbl)
# 1      CA  0.4547765     1 -0.036769875 0.7215439  0.4915464 0.3454545
# 2      CA  0.1217003     2 -0.009999399 0.6119518  0.1316997 0.2484848
# 3      CA -0.6153836     3  0.016771076 0.5146646 -0.6321546 0.1757576
# 4      CA -0.9978060     4  0.043541551 0.4379605 -1.0413476 0.1272727
# 5      CA  2.1385614     5  0.070312027 0.3940486  2.0682494 0.1030303
# 6      CA -0.3924598     6  0.097082502 0.3940486 -0.4895423 0.1030303
# 7      CA -0.5918738     7  0.123852977 0.4379605 -0.7157268 0.1272727
# 8      CA  0.4671346     8  0.150623453 0.5146646  0.3165112 0.1757576
# 9      CA -1.4958726     9  0.177393928 0.6119518 -1.6732666 0.2484848
# 10     CA  1.7481956    10  0.204164404 0.7215439  1.5440312 0.3454545
# 11     NY -0.6285230     1 -0.257504572 0.5170932 -0.3710185 0.3454545
# 12     NY  1.0566099     2 -0.163651479 0.4385542  1.2202614 0.2484848
# 13     NY -0.5274693     3 -0.069798386 0.3688335 -0.4576709 0.1757576
# 14     NY  0.6097983     4  0.024054706 0.3138637  0.5857436 0.1272727
# 15     NY -1.5511940     5  0.117907799 0.2823942 -1.6691018 0.1030303
# 16     NY  0.7440243     6  0.211760892 0.2823942  0.5322634 0.1030303
# 17     NY  0.1054719     7  0.305613984 0.3138637 -0.2001421 0.1272727
# 18     NY  0.7513057     8  0.399467077 0.3688335  0.3518387 0.1757576
# 19     NY -0.1271655     9  0.493320170 0.4385542 -0.6204857 0.2484848
# 20     NY  1.2154852    10  0.587173262 0.5170932  0.6283119 0.3454545
# Variables not shown: .sigma (dbl), .cooksd (dbl), .std.resid (dbl)

Answer 4

I now my answer comes a bit late, but I was looking for a similar functionality. It would seem the built-in function 'by' in R can also do the grouping easily:

?by contains the following example, which fits per group and extracts the coefficients with sapply:

require(stats)
## now suppose we want to extract the coefficients by group 
tmp <- with(warpbreaks,
            by(warpbreaks, tension,
               function(x) lm(breaks ~ wool, data = x)))
sapply(tmp, coef)

Answer 5

## make fake data
 ngroups <- 2
 group <- 1:ngroups
 nobs <- 100
 dta <- data.frame(group=rep(group,each=nobs),y=rnorm(nobs*ngroups),x=runif(nobs*ngroups))
 head(dta)
#--------------------
  group          y         x
1     1  0.6482007 0.5429575
2     1 -0.4637118 0.7052843
3     1 -0.5129840 0.7312955
4     1 -0.6612649 0.9028034
5     1 -0.5197448 0.1661308
6     1  0.4240346 0.8944253
#------------ 
## function to extract the results of one model
 foo <- function(z) {
   ## coef and se in a data frame
   mr <- data.frame(coef(summary(lm(y~x,data=z))))
   ## put row names (predictors/indep variables)
   mr$predictor <- rownames(mr)
   mr
 }
 ## see that it works
 foo(subset(dta,group==1))
#=========
              Estimate Std..Error   t.value  Pr...t..   predictor
(Intercept)  0.2176477  0.1919140  1.134090 0.2595235 (Intercept)
x           -0.3669890  0.3321875 -1.104765 0.2719666           x
#----------
## one option: use command by
 res <- by(dta,dta$group,foo)
 res
#=========
dta$group: 1
              Estimate Std..Error   t.value  Pr...t..   predictor
(Intercept)  0.2176477  0.1919140  1.134090 0.2595235 (Intercept)
x           -0.3669890  0.3321875 -1.104765 0.2719666           x
------------------------------------------------------------ 
dta$group: 2
               Estimate Std..Error    t.value  Pr...t..   predictor
(Intercept) -0.04039422  0.1682335 -0.2401081 0.8107480 (Intercept)
x            0.06286456  0.3020321  0.2081387 0.8355526           x

## using package plyr is better
 library(plyr)
 res <- ddply(dta,"group",foo)
 res
#----------
  group    Estimate Std..Error    t.value  Pr...t..   predictor
1     1  0.21764767  0.1919140  1.1340897 0.2595235 (Intercept)
2     1 -0.36698898  0.3321875 -1.1047647 0.2719666           x
3     2 -0.04039422  0.1682335 -0.2401081 0.8107480 (Intercept)
4     2  0.06286456  0.3020321  0.2081387 0.8355526           x

Answer 6

Here's one way using the lme4 package.

 library(lme4)
 d <- data.frame(state=rep(c('NY', 'CA'), c(10, 10)),
                 year=rep(1:10, 2),
                 response=c(rnorm(10), rnorm(10)))

 xyplot(response ~ year, groups=state, data=d, type='l')

 fits <- lmList(response ~ year | state, data=d)
 fits
#------------
Call: lmList(formula = response ~ year | state, data = d)
Coefficients:
   (Intercept)        year
CA -1.34420990  0.17139963
NY  0.00196176 -0.01852429

Degrees of freedom: 20 total; 16 residual
Residual standard error: 0.8201316