Python constructors and __init__

Question

Why are constructors indeed called "Constructors"? What is their purpose and how are they different from methods in a class?

Also, can there be more that on

Answer 1

There is no notion of method overloading in Python. But you can achieve a similar effect by specifying optional and keyword arguments

Answer 2

Why are constructors indeed called "Constructors" ?

The constructor (named __new__) creates and returns a new instance of the class. So the C.__new__ class method is the constructor for the class C.

The C.__init__ instance method is called on a specific instance, after it is created, to initialise it before being passed back to the caller. So that method is the initialiser for new instances of C.

How are they different from methods in a class?

As stated in the official documentation __init__ is called after the instance is created. Other methods do not receive this treatment.

What is their purpose?

The purpose of the constructor C.__new__ is to define custom behaviour during construction of a new C instance.

The purpose of the initialiser C.__init__ is to define custom initialisation of each instance of C after it is created.

For example Python allows you to do:

class Test(object):
    pass

t = Test()

t.x = 10   # here you're building your object t
print t.x

But if you want every instance of Test to have an attribute x equal to 10, you can put that code inside __init__:

class Test(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 10

t = Test()
print t.x

Every instance method (a method called on a specific instance of a class) receives the instance as its first argument. That argument is conventionally named self.

Class methods, such as the constructor __new__, instead receive the class as their first argument.

Now, if you want custom values for the x attribute all you have to do is pass that value as argument to __init__:

class Test(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x

t = Test(10)
print t.x
z = Test(20)
print t.x

I hope this will help you clear some doubts, and since you've already received good answers to the other questions I will stop here :)

Answer 3

Classes are simply blueprints to create objects from. The constructor is some code that are run every time you create an object. Therefor it does'nt make sense to have two constructors. What happens is that the second over write the first.

What you typically use them for is create variables for that object like this:

>>> class testing:
...     def __init__(self, init_value):
...         self.some_value = init_value

So what you could do then is to create an object from this class like this:

>>> testobject = testing(5)

The testobject will then have an object called some_value that in this sample will be 5.

>>> testobject.some_value
5

But you don't need to set a value for each object like i did in my sample. You can also do like this:

>>> class testing:
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.some_value = 5

then the value of some_value will be 5 and you don't have to set it when you create the object.

>>> testobject = testing()
>>> testobject.some_value
5

the >>> and ... in my sample is not what you write. It's how it would look in pyshell...

Answer 4

There is no function overloading in Python, meaning that you can't have multiple functions with the same name but different arguments.

In your code example, you're not overloading __init__(). What happens is that the second definition rebinds the name __init__ to the new method, rendering the first method inaccessible.

As to your general question about constructors, Wikipedia is a good starting point. For Python-specific stuff, I highly recommend the Python docs.

Answer 5

coonstructors are called automatically when you create a new object, thereby "constructing" the object. The reason you can have more than one init is because names are just references in python, and you are allowed to change what each variable references whenever you want (hence dynamic typing)

def func(): #now func refers to an empty funcion
    pass
...
func=5      #now func refers to the number 5
def func():
    print "something"    #now func refers to a different function

in your class definition, it just keeps the later one