Why should recursion be preferred over iteration?

Question

Iteration is more performant than recursion, right? Then why do some people opine that recursion is better (more elegant, in their words) than iteration? I really don\'t see

Answer 1

Recursion is one of those things that seem elegant or efficient in theory but in practice is generally less efficient (unless the compiler or dynamic recompiler) is changing what the code does. In general anything that causes unnecessary subroutine calls is going to be slower, especially when more than 1 argument is being pushed/popped. Anything you can do to remove processor cycles i.e. instructions the processor has to chew on is fair game. Compilers can do a pretty good job of this these days in general but it's always good to know how to write efficient code by hand.

Answer 2

"Iteration is more performant than recursion" is really language- and/or compiler-specific. The case that comes to mind is when the compiler does loop-unrolling. If you've implemented a recursive solution in this case, it's going to be quite a bit slower.

This is where it pays to be a scientist (testing hypotheses) and to know your tools...

Answer 3

Here is some information on the pros & cons of recursion & iteration in c:

http://www.stanford.edu/~blp/writings/clc/recursion-vs-iteration.html

Mostly for me Recursion is sometimes easier to understand than iteration.

Answer 4

Iteration is more performant than recursion, right?

Yes.

However, when you have a problem which maps perfectly to a Recursive Data Structure, the better solution is always recursive.

If you pretend to solve the problem with iterations you'll end up reinventing the stack and creating a messier and ugly code, compared to the elegant recursive version of the code.

That said, Iteration will always be faster than Recursion. (in a Von Neumann Architecture), so if you use recursion always, even where a loop will suffice, you'll pay a performance penalty.

Is recursion ever faster than looping?

Answer 5

As others have stated, there's nothing intrinsically less performant about recursion. There are some languages where it will be slower, but it's not a universal rule.

That being said, to me recursion is a tool, to be used when it makes sense. There are some algorithms that are better represented as recursion (just as some are better via iteration).

Case in point:

fib 0 = 0
fib 1 = 1
fib n = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

I can't imagine an iterative solution that could possibly make the intent clearer than that.

Answer 6

I find it hard to reason that one is better than the other all the time.

Im working on a mobile app that needs to do background work on user file system. One of the background threads needs to sweep the whole file system from time to time, to maintain updated data to the user. So in fear of Stack Overflow , i had written an iterative algorithm. Today i wrote a recursive one, for the same job. To my surprise, the iterative algorithm is faster: recursive -> 37s, iterative -> 34s (working over the exact same file structure).

Recursive:

private long recursive(File rootFile, long counter) {
            long duration = 0;
            sendScanUpdateSignal(rootFile.getAbsolutePath());
            if(rootFile.isDirectory()) {
                File[] files = getChildren(rootFile, MUSIC_FILE_FILTER);
                for(int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
                    duration += recursive(files[i], counter);
                }
                if(duration != 0) {
                    dhm.put(rootFile.getAbsolutePath(), duration);
                    updateDurationInUI(rootFile.getAbsolutePath(), duration);
                }   
            }
            else if(!rootFile.isDirectory() && checkExtension(rootFile.getAbsolutePath())) {
                duration = getDuration(rootFile);
                dhm.put(rootFile.getAbsolutePath(), getDuration(rootFile));
                updateDurationInUI(rootFile.getAbsolutePath(), duration);
            }  
            return counter + duration;
        }

Iterative: - iterative depth-first search , with recursive backtracking

private void traversal(File file) {
            int pointer = 0;
            File[] files;
            boolean hadMusic = false;
            long parentTimeCounter = 0;
            while(file != null) {
                sendScanUpdateSignal(file.getAbsolutePath());
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(Constants.THREADS_SLEEP_CONSTANTS.TRAVERSAL);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

                files = getChildren(file, MUSIC_FILE_FILTER);

                if(!file.isDirectory() && checkExtension(file.getAbsolutePath())) {
                    hadMusic = true;
                    long duration = getDuration(file);
                    parentTimeCounter = parentTimeCounter + duration;
                    dhm.put(file.getAbsolutePath(), duration);
                    updateDurationInUI(file.getAbsolutePath(), duration);
                }

                if(files != null && pointer < files.length) {
                    file = getChildren(file,MUSIC_FILE_FILTER)[pointer];
                }
                else if(files != null && pointer+1 < files.length) {
                    file = files[pointer+1];
                    pointer++;
                }
                else {
                    pointer=0;
                    file = getNextSybling(file, hadMusic, parentTimeCounter);
                    hadMusic = false;
                    parentTimeCounter = 0;
                }
            }
        }

private File getNextSybling(File file, boolean hadMusic, long timeCounter) {
            File result= null;
            //se o file é /mnt, para
            if(file.getAbsolutePath().compareTo(userSDBasePointer.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()) == 0) {
                return result;
            }
            File parent = file.getParentFile();
            long parentDuration = 0;
            if(hadMusic) { 
                if(dhm.containsKey(parent.getAbsolutePath())) {
                    long savedValue = dhm.get(parent.getAbsolutePath());
                    parentDuration = savedValue + timeCounter;
                }
                else {
                    parentDuration = timeCounter; 
                }
                dhm.put(parent.getAbsolutePath(), parentDuration);
                updateDurationInUI(parent.getAbsolutePath(), parentDuration);
            }

            //procura irmao seguinte
            File[] syblings = getChildren(parent,MUSIC_FILE_FILTER);
            for(int i = 0; i < syblings.length; i++) {
                if(syblings[i].getAbsolutePath().compareTo(file.getAbsolutePath())==0) {
                    if(i+1 < syblings.length) {
                        result = syblings[i+1];
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
            //backtracking - adiciona pai, se tiver filhos musica
            if(result == null) {
                result = getNextSybling(parent, hadMusic, parentDuration);
            }
            return result;
        }

Sure the iterative isn't elegant, but alhtough its currently implemented on an ineficient way, it is still faster than the recursive one. And i have better control over it, as i dont want it running at full speed, and will let the garbage collector do its work more frequently.

Anyway, i wont take for granted that one method is better than the other, and will review other algorithms that are currently recursive. But at least from the 2 algorithms above, the iterative one will be the one in the final product.