Real-world examples of recursion [closed]

Answer 1

Matt Dillard's example is good. More generally, any walking of a tree can generally be handled by recursion very easily. For instance, compiling parse trees, walking over XML or HTML, etc.

Answer 2

A real world example of recursion

Answer 3

Famous Eval/Apply cycle from SICP

_{(source: mit.edu)}

Here is the definition of eval:

(define (eval exp env)
  (cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp)
        ((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
        ((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
        ((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
        ((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
        ((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
        ((lambda? exp)
         (make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
                         (lambda-body exp)
                         env))
        ((begin? exp) 
         (eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
        ((cond? exp) (eval (cond->if exp) env))
        ((application? exp)
         (apply (eval (operator exp) env)
                (list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
        (else
         (error "Unknown expression type - EVAL" exp))))

Here is the definition of apply:

(define (apply procedure arguments)
  (cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
         (apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments))
        ((compound-procedure? procedure)
         (eval-sequence
           (procedure-body procedure)
           (extend-environment
             (procedure-parameters procedure)
             arguments
             (procedure-environment procedure))))
        (else
         (error
          "Unknown procedure type - APPLY" procedure))))

Here is the definition of eval-sequence:

(define (eval-sequence exps env)
  (cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
        (else (eval (first-exp exps) env)
              (eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))

eval -> apply -> eval-sequence -> eval

Answer 4

How about anything involving a directory structure in the file system. Recursively finding files, deleting files, creating directories, etc.

Here is a Java implementation that recursively prints out the content of a directory and its sub-directories.

import java.io.File;

public class DirectoryContentAnalyserOne implements DirectoryContentAnalyser {

    private static StringBuilder indentation = new StringBuilder();

    public static void main (String args [] ){
        // Here you pass the path to the directory to be scanned
        getDirectoryContent("C:\\DirOne\\DirTwo\\AndSoOn");
    }

    private static void getDirectoryContent(String filePath) {

        File currentDirOrFile = new File(filePath);

        if ( !currentDirOrFile.exists() ){
            return;
        }
        else if ( currentDirOrFile.isFile() ){
            System.out.println(indentation + currentDirOrFile.getName());
            return;
        }
        else{
            System.out.println("\n" + indentation + "|_" +currentDirOrFile.getName());
            indentation.append("   ");

            for ( String currentFileOrDirName : currentDirOrFile.list()){
                getPrivateDirectoryContent(currentDirOrFile + "\\" + currentFileOrDirName);
            }

            if (indentation.length() - 3 > 3 ){
                indentation.delete(indentation.length() - 3, indentation.length());
            }
        }       
    }

}

Answer 5

Multiplication of natural numbers is a real-world example of recursion:

To multiply x by y
  if x is 0
    the answer is 0
  if x is 1
    the answer is y
  otherwise
    multiply x - 1 by y, and add x

Answer 6

You have an organization tree that is N levels deep. Several of the nodes are checked, and you want to expand out to only those nodes that have been checked.

This is something that I actually coded. Its nice and easy with recursion.