There have been a lot of questions about C11 and C11 threading, but I don\'t see a definitive answer anywhere:
Does any C
Finally GNU LIBC 2.28 supports C11 ISO Threads.
I assume Archlinux, Gentoo and Suse Tumbleweed will support it quickly. Later in this year Fedora and Ubuntu and the others in 2019 or later.
FreeBSD provides threads.h
since FreeBSD 10.0 The program needs to be linked against libstdsthreads.
FreeBSD seems to wrap around the posix threads. You can find it here: FreeBSD c11 threads. I was able to use this in Cygwin. So far no problems but I haven't used it that much yet.
PDCLib (the Public Domain C standard library) includes AFAICT full support for threads.h, and it's not a wrapper around pthreads.
https://github.com/jtsiomb/c11threads is a "Trivial C11 threads.h implementation over POSIX threads." contained in a single header.
musl now (as of Sep 2014-ish) implements C11 threads!
According to this recent musl mailing list post and other conversation on that list in Jul-Sep 2014, it appears that the musl library now (as of 2014-09-07) implements the C11 threads interface, though the comparison chart; does not as of this writing reflect this.
Since this question is re-opened, I moved this content to a proper answer.