Best way to count records by arbitrary time intervals in Rails+Postgres

Question

My app has a Events table with time-stamped events.

I need to report the count of events during each of the most recent N time intervals. F

Answer 1

Luckily, you are using PostgreSQL. The window function generate_series() is your friend.

Test case

Given the following test table (which you should have provided):

CREATE TABLE event(event_id serial, ts timestamp);
INSERT INTO event (ts)
SELECT generate_series(timestamp '2018-05-01'
                     , timestamp '2018-05-08'
                     , interval '7 min') + random() * interval '7 min';

One event for every 7 minutes (plus 0 to 7 minutes, randomly).

Basic solution

This query counts events for any arbitrary time interval. 17 minutes in the example:

WITH grid AS (
   SELECT start_time
        , lead(start_time, 1, 'infinity') OVER (ORDER BY start_time) AS end_time
   FROM  (
      SELECT generate_series(min(ts), max(ts), interval '17 min') AS start_time
      FROM   event
      ) sub
   )
SELECT start_time, count(e.ts) AS events
FROM   grid       g
LEFT   JOIN event e ON e.ts >= g.start_time
                   AND e.ts <  g.end_time
GROUP  BY start_time
ORDER  BY start_time;

• The query retrieves minimum and maximum ts from the base table to cover the complete time range. You can use an arbitrary time range instead.

• Provide any time interval as needed.

• Produces one row for every time slot. If no event happened during that interval, the count is 0.

• Be sure to handle upper and lower bound correctly:

  • Unexpected results from SQL query with BETWEEN timestamps

• The window function lead() has an often overlooked feature: it can provide a default for when no leading row exists. Providing 'infinity' in the example. Else the last interval would be cut off with an upper bound NULL.

Minimal equivalent

The above query uses a CTE and lead() and verbose syntax. Elegant and maybe easier to understand, but a bit more expensive. Here is a shorter, faster, minimal version:

SELECT start_time, count(e.ts) AS events
FROM  (SELECT generate_series(min(ts), max(ts), interval '17 min') FROM event) g(start_time)
LEFT   JOIN event e ON e.ts >= g.start_time
                   AND e.ts <  g.start_time + interval '17 min'
GROUP  BY 1
ORDER  BY 1;

Example for "every 15 minutes in the past week"`

And formatting with to_char().

SELECT to_char(start_time, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI'), count(e.ts) AS events
FROM   generate_series(date_trunc('day', localtimestamp - interval '7 days')
                     , localtimestamp
                     , interval '15 min') g(start_time)
LEFT   JOIN event e ON e.ts >= g.start_time
                   AND e.ts <  g.start_time + interval '15 min'
GROUP  BY start_time
ORDER  BY start_time;

Still ORDER BY and GROUP BY on the underlying timestamp value, not on the formatted string. That's faster and more reliable.

db<>fiddle here

Related answer producing a running count over the time frame:

• PostgreSQL: running count of rows for a query 'by minute'