ggplot2 heatmaps: using different gradients for categories

Question

This Learning R blog post shows how to make a heatmap of basketball stats using ggplot2. The finished heatmap looks like this:

Answer 1

First, recreate the graph from the post, updating it for the newer (0.9.2.1) version of ggplot2 which has a different theme system and attaches fewer packages:

nba <- read.csv("http://datasets.flowingdata.com/ppg2008.csv")
nba$Name <- with(nba, reorder(Name, PTS))

library("ggplot2")
library("plyr")
library("reshape2")
library("scales")

nba.m <- melt(nba)
nba.s <- ddply(nba.m, .(variable), transform,
               rescale = scale(value))

ggplot(nba.s, aes(variable, Name)) + 
  geom_tile(aes(fill = rescale), colour = "white") + 
  scale_fill_gradient(low = "white", high = "steelblue") + 
  scale_x_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  scale_y_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  theme_grey(base_size = 9) + 
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        axis.ticks = element_blank(), 
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 330, hjust = 0))

Using different gradient colors for different categories is not all that straightforward. The conceptual approach, to map the fill to interaction(rescale, Category) (where Category is Offensive/Defensive/Other; see below) doesn't work because interacting a factor and continuous variable gives a discrete variable which fill can not be mapped to.

The way to get around this is to artificially do this interaction, mapping rescale to non-overlapping ranges for different values of Category and then use scale_fill_gradientn to map each of these regions to different color gradients.

First create the categories. I think these map to those in the comment, but I'm not sure; changing which variable is in which category is easy.

nba.s$Category <- nba.s$variable
levels(nba.s$Category) <- 
  list("Offensive" = c("PTS", "FGM", "FGA", "X3PM", "X3PA", "AST"),
       "Defensive" = c("DRB", "ORB", "STL"),
       "Other" = c("G", "MIN", "FGP", "FTM", "FTA", "FTP", "X3PP", 
                   "TRB", "BLK", "TO", "PF"))

Since rescale is within a few (3 or 4) of 0, the different categories can be offset by a hundred to keep them separate. At the same time, determine where the endpoints of each color gradient should be, in terms of both rescaled values and colors.

nba.s$rescaleoffset <- nba.s$rescale + 100*(as.numeric(nba.s$Category)-1)
scalerange <- range(nba.s$rescale)
gradientends <- scalerange + rep(c(0,100,200), each=2)
colorends <- c("white", "red", "white", "green", "white", "blue")

Now replace the fill variable with rescaleoffset and change the fill scale to use scale_fill_gradientn (remembering to rescale the values):

ggplot(nba.s, aes(variable, Name)) + 
  geom_tile(aes(fill = rescaleoffset), colour = "white") + 
  scale_fill_gradientn(colours = colorends, values = rescale(gradientends)) + 
  scale_x_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  scale_y_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  theme_grey(base_size = 9) + 
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        axis.ticks = element_blank(), 
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 330, hjust = 0))

Reordering to get related stats together is another application of the reorder function on the various variables:

nba.s$variable2 <- reorder(nba.s$variable, as.numeric(nba.s$Category))

ggplot(nba.s, aes(variable2, Name)) + 
  geom_tile(aes(fill = rescaleoffset), colour = "white") + 
  scale_fill_gradientn(colours = colorends, values = rescale(gradientends)) + 
  scale_x_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  scale_y_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  theme_grey(base_size = 9) + 
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        axis.ticks = element_blank(), 
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 330, hjust = 0))

Answer 2

Here's a simpler suggestion that uses ggplot2 aesthetics to map both gradients as well as color categories. Simply use an alpha-aesthetic to generate the gradient, and the fill-aesthetic for the category.

Here is the code to do so, refactoring Brian Diggs' response:

nba <- read.csv("http://datasets.flowingdata.com/ppg2008.csv")
nba$Name <- with(nba, reorder(Name, PTS))

library("ggplot2")
library("plyr")
library("reshape2")
library("scales")

nba.m <- melt(nba)
nba.s <- ddply(nba.m, .(variable), transform,
           rescale = scale(value))

nba.s$Category <- nba.s$variable
levels(nba.s$Category) <- list("Offensive" = c("PTS", "FGM", "FGA", "X3PM", "X3PA", "AST"),
   "Defensive" = c("DRB", "ORB", "STL"),
   "Other" = c("G", "MIN", "FGP", "FTM", "FTA", "FTP", "X3PP", "TRB", "BLK", "TO", "PF"))

Then, normalise the rescale variable to between 0 and 1:

nba.s$rescale = (nba.s$rescale-min(nba.s$rescale))/(max(nba.s$rescale)-min(nba.s$rescale))

And now, do the plotting:

ggplot(nba.s, aes(variable, Name)) + 
  geom_tile(aes(alpha = rescale, fill=Category), colour = "white") + 
  scale_alpha(range=c(0,1)) +
  scale_x_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  scale_y_discrete("", expand = c(0, 0)) + 
  theme_grey(base_size = 9) + 
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        axis.ticks = element_blank(), 
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 330, hjust = 0)) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank())

Note the use of alpha=rescale and then the scaling of the alpha range using scale_alpha(range=c(0,1)), which can be adapted to change the range appropriately for your plot.