Hidden features of C

Answer 1

C has a standard but not all C compilers are fully compliant (I've not seen any fully compliant C99 compiler yet!).

That said, the tricks I prefer are those that are non-obvious and portable across platforms as they rely on the C semantic. They usually are about macros or bit arithmetic.

For example: swapping two unsigned integer without using a temporary variable:

...
a ^= b ; b ^= a; a ^=b;
...

or "extending C" to represent finite state machines like:

FSM {
  STATE(x) {
    ...
    NEXTSTATE(y);
  }

  STATE(y) {
    ...
    if (x == 0) 
      NEXTSTATE(y);
    else 
      NEXTSTATE(x);
  }
}

that can be achieved with the following macros:

#define FSM
#define STATE(x)      s_##x :
#define NEXTSTATE(x)  goto s_##x

In general, though, I don't like the tricks that are clever but make the code unnecessarily complicated to read (as the swap example) and I love the ones that make the code clearer and directly conveying the intention (like the FSM example).

Answer 2

the (hidden) feature that "shocked" me when I first saw is about printf. this feature allows you to use variables for formatting format specifiers themselves. look for the code, you will see better:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 3;
    float b = 6.412355;
    printf("%.*f\n",a,b);
    return 0;
}

the * character achieves this effect.

Answer 3

int8_t
int16_t
int32_t
uint8_t
uint16_t
uint32_t

These are an optional item in the standard, but it must be a hidden feature, because people are constantly redefining them. One code base I've worked on (and still do, for now) has multiple redefinitions, all with different identifiers. Most of the time it's with preprocessor macros:

#define INT16 short
#define INT32  long

And so on. It makes me want to pull my hair out. Just use the freaking standard integer typedefs!

Answer 4

When initializing arrays or enums, you can put a comma after the last item in the initializer list. e.g:

int x[] = { 1, 2, 3, };

enum foo { bar, baz, boom, };

This was done so that if you're generating code automatically you don't need to worry about eliminating the last comma.

Answer 5

Well, I've never used it, and I'm not sure whether I'd ever recommend it to anyone, but I feel this question would be incomplete without a mention of Simon Tatham's co-routine trick.

Answer 6

Strange vector indexing:

int v[100]; int index = 10; 
/* v[index] it's the same thing as index[v] */