How can I store a value in the ViewBag accessing it from javascript?
You can't. ViewBag is a server-side thing, Javascript runs on client side.
You cannot store a value in ViewBag from javascript. ViewBag is a server side concept and exists only on the server. Javascript runs on the client. As far as storing some data from ViewBag into a javascript variable is concerned you could use the following:
<script type="text/javascript">
var foo = @Html.Raw(Json.Encode(ViewBag.FooBar))
</script>
Now this being said I always advice people against using ViewBag/ViewData in ASP.NET MVC. I recommend using strongly typed view and view models. So your code will look like this:
@model MyViewModel
<script type="text/javascript">
var foo = @Html.Raw(Json.Encode(Model))
</script>