How do I remove diacritics (accents) from a string in .NET?
I\'m trying to convert some strings that are in French Canadian and basically, I\'d like to be able to take out the French accent marks in the letters while keeping the lett
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TL;DR - C# string extension method
I think the best solution to preserve the meaning of the string is to convert the characters instead of stripping them, which is well illustrated in the example
crème brûléetocrme brlevs.creme brulee.I checked out Alexander's comment above and saw the Lucene.Net code is Apache 2.0 licensed, so I've modified the class into a simple string extension method. You can use it like this:
var originalString = "crème brûlée"; var maxLength = originalString.Length; // limit output length as necessary var foldedString = originalString.FoldToASCII(maxLength); // "creme brulee"The function is too long to post in a StackOverflow answer (~139k characters of 30k allowed lol) so I made a gist and attributed the authors:
/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ /// <summary> /// This class converts alphabetic, numeric, and symbolic Unicode characters /// which are not in the first 127 ASCII characters (the "Basic Latin" Unicode /// block) into their ASCII equivalents, if one exists. /// <para/> /// Characters from the following Unicode blocks are converted; however, only /// those characters with reasonable ASCII alternatives are converted: /// /// <ul> /// <item><description>C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Latin Extended-A: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Latin Extended-B: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Latin Extended Additional: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Latin Extended-C: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C60.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C60.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Latin Extended-D: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA720.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA720.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>IPA Extensions: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0250.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0250.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Phonetic Extensions: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D00.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D00.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Phonetic Extensions Supplement: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D80.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D80.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>General Punctuation: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Superscripts and Subscripts: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2070.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2070.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Enclosed Alphanumerics: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2460.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2460.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Dingbats: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Supplemental Punctuation: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2E00.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2E00.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Alphabetic Presentation Forms: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB00.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB00.pdf</a></description></item> /// <item><description>Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf</a></description></item> /// </ul> /// <para/> /// See: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_characters_in_Unicode">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_characters_in_Unicode</a> /// <para/> /// For example, '&agrave;' will be replaced by 'a'. /// </summary> public static partial class StringExtensions { /// <summary> /// Converts characters above ASCII to their ASCII equivalents. For example, /// accents are removed from accented characters. /// </summary> /// <param name="input"> The string of characters to fold </param> /// <param name="length"> The length of the folded return string </param> /// <returns> length of output </returns> public static string FoldToASCII(this string input, int? length = null) { // See https://gist.github.com/andyraddatz/e6a396fb91856174d4e3f1bf2e10951c } }Hope that helps someone else, this is the most robust solution I've found!
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Not having enough reputations, apparently I can not comment on Alexander's excellent link. - Lucene appears to be the only solution working in reasonably generic cases.
For those wanting a simple copy-paste solution, here it is, leveraging code in Lucene:
string testbed = "ÁÂÄÅÇÉÍÎÓÖØÚÜÞàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñóôöøúüāăčĐęğıŁłńŌōřŞşšźžșțệủ";
Console.WriteLine(Lucene.latinizeLucene(testbed));
AAAACEIIOOOUUTHaaaaaaaeceeeeiiiidnoooouuaacDegiLlnOorSsszzsteu
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public static class Lucene { // source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/lucenenet/master/src/Lucene.Net.Analysis.Common/Analysis/Miscellaneous/ASCIIFoldingFilter.cs // idea: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/249087/how-do-i-remove-diacritics-accents-from-a-string-in-net (scroll down, search for lucene by Alexander) public static string latinizeLucene(string arg) { char[] argChar = arg.ToCharArray(); // latinizeLuceneImpl can expand one char up to four chars - e.g. Þ to TH, or æ to ae, or in fact ⑽ to (10) char[] resultChar = new String(' ', arg.Length * 4).ToCharArray(); int outputPos = Lucene.latinizeLuceneImpl(argChar, 0, ref resultChar, 0, arg.Length); string ret = new string(resultChar); ret = ret.Substring(0, outputPos); return ret; } /// <summary> /// Converts characters above ASCII to their ASCII equivalents. For example, /// accents are removed from accented characters. /// <para/> /// @lucene.internal /// </summary> /// <param name="input"> The characters to fold </param> /// <param name="inputPos"> Index of the first character to fold </param> /// <param name="output"> The result of the folding. Should be of size >= <c>length * 4</c>. </param> /// <param name="outputPos"> Index of output where to put the result of the folding </param> /// <param name="length"> The number of characters to fold </param> /// <returns> length of output </returns> private static int latinizeLuceneImpl(char[] input, int inputPos, ref char[] output, int outputPos, int length) { int end = inputPos + length; for (int pos = inputPos; pos < end; ++pos) { char c = input[pos]; // Quick test: if it's not in range then just keep current character if (c < '\u0080') { output[outputPos++] = c; } else { switch (c) { case '\u00C0': // À [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE] case '\u00C1': // Á [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE] case '\u00C2': // Â [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX] case '\u00C3': // Ã [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE] case '\u00C4': // Ä [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS] case '\u00C5': // Å [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE] case '\u0100': // Ā [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON] case '\u0102': // Ă [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE] case '\u0104': // Ą [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK] case '\u018F': // Ə http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA] case '\u01CD': // Ǎ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CARON] case '\u01DE': // Ǟ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS AND MACRON] case '\u01E0': // Ǡ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON] case '\u01FA': // Ǻ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE AND ACUTE] case '\u0200': // Ȁ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOUBLE GRAVE] case '\u0202': // Ȃ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH INVERTED BREVE] case '\u0226': // Ȧ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE] case '\u023A': // Ⱥ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH STROKE] case '\u1D00': // ᴀ [LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL A] case '\u1E00': // Ḁ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW] case '\u1EA0': // Ạ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW] case '\u1EA2': // Ả [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE] case '\u1EA4': // Ấ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE] case '\u1EA6': // Ầ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE] case '\u1EA8': // Ẩ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE] case '\u1EAA': // Ẫ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE] case '\u1EAC': // Ậ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW] case '\u1EAE': // Ắ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE] case '\u1EB0': // Ằ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE] case '\u1EB2': // Ẳ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE] case '\u1EB4': // Ẵ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE] case '\u1EB6': // Ặ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW] case '\u24B6': // Ⓐ [CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A] case '\uFF21': // Ａ [FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A] output[outputPos++] = 'A'; break; case '\u00E0': // à [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE] case '\u00E1': // á [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE] case '\u00E2': // â [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX] case '\u00E3': // ã [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE] case '\u00E4': // ä [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS] case '\u00E5': // å [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE] case '\u0101': // ā [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON] case '\u0103': // ă [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE] case '\u0105': // ą [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK] case '\u01CE': // ǎ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CARON] case '\u01DF': // ǟ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS AND MACRON] case '\u01E1': // ǡ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON] case '\u01FB': // ǻ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE AND ACUTE] case '\u0201': // ȁ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOUBLE GRAVE] case '\u0203': // ȃ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH INVERTED BREVE] case '\u0227': // ȧ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE] case '\u0250': // ɐ [LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A] case '\u0259': // ə [LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA] case '\u025A': // ɚ [LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK] case '\u1D8F': // ᶏ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RETROFLEX HOOK] case '\u1D95': // ᶕ [LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH RETROFLEX HOOK] case '\u1E01': // ạ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW] case '\u1E9A': // ả [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING] case '\u1EA1': // ạ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW] case '\u1EA3': // ả [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE] case '\u1EA5': // ấ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE] case '\u1EA7': // ầ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE] case '\u1EA9': // ẩ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE] case '\u1EAB': // ẫ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE] case '\u1EAD': // ậ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW] case '\u1EAF': // ắ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE] case '\u1EB1': // ằ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE] case '\u1EB3': // ẳ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE] case '\u1EB5': // ẵ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE] case '\u1EB7': // ặ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW] case '\u2090': // ₐ [LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A] case '\u2094': // ₔ [LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SCHWA] case '\u24D0': // ⓐ [CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A] case '\u2C65': // ⱥ [LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH STROKE] case '\u2C6F': // Ɐ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A] case '\uFF41': // ａ [FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER A] output[outputPos++] = 'a'; break; case '\uA732': // Ꜳ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AA] output[outputPos++] = 'A'; output[outputPos++] = 'A'; break; case '\u00C6': // Æ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE] case '\u01E2': // Ǣ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE WITH MACRON] case '\u01FC': // Ǽ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE WITH ACUTE] case '\u1D01': // ᴁ [LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL AE] output[outputPos++] = 'A'; output[outputPos++] = 'E'; break; case '\uA734': // Ꜵ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AO] output[outputPos++] = 'A'; output[outputPos++] = 'O'; break; case '\uA736': // Ꜷ [LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AU] output[outputPos++] = 'A'; output[outputPos++] = 'U'; break; // etc. etc. etc. // see link above for complete source code // // unfortunately, postings are limited, as in // "Body is limited to 30000 characters; you entered 136098." [...] case '\u2053': // ⁓ [SWUNG DASH] case '\uFF5E': // ～ [FULLWIDTH TILDE] output[outputPos++] = '~'; break; default: output[outputPos++] = c; break; } } } return outputPos; } }讨论(0) -
THIS IS THE VB VERSION (Works with GREEK) :
Imports System.Text
Imports System.Globalization
Public Function RemoveDiacritics(ByVal s As String) Dim normalizedString As String Dim stringBuilder As New StringBuilder normalizedString = s.Normalize(NormalizationForm.FormD) Dim i As Integer Dim c As Char For i = 0 To normalizedString.Length - 1 c = normalizedString(i) If CharUnicodeInfo.GetUnicodeCategory(c) <> UnicodeCategory.NonSpacingMark Then stringBuilder.Append(c) End If Next Return stringBuilder.ToString() End Function讨论(0) -
This code worked for me:
var updatedText = text.Normalize(NormalizationForm.FormD) .Where(c => CharUnicodeInfo.GetUnicodeCategory(c) != UnicodeCategory.NonSpacingMark) .ToArray();However, please don't do this with names. It's not only an insult to people with umlauts/accents in their name, it can also be dangerously wrong in certain situations (see below). There are alternative writings instead of just removing the accent.
Furthermore, it's simply wrong and dangerous, e.g. if the user has to provide his name exactly how it occurs on the passport.
For example my name is written
Zuberbühlerand in the machine readable part of my passport you will findZuberbuehler. By removing the umlaut, the name will not match with either part. This can lead to issues for the users.You should rather disallow umlauts/accent in an input form for names so the user can write his name correctly without its umlaut or accent.
Practical example, if the web service to apply for ESTA (https://www.application-esta.co.uk/special-characters-and) would use above code instead of transforming umlauts correctly, the ESTA application would either be refused or the traveller will have problems with the American Border Control when entering the States.
Another example would be flight tickets. Assuming you have a flight ticket booking web application, the user provides his name with an accent and your implementation is just removing the accents and then using the airline's web service to book the ticket! Your customer may not be allowed to board since the name does not match to any part of his/her passport.
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In case someone is interested, I was looking for something similar and ended writing the following:
public static string NormalizeStringForUrl(string name) { String normalizedString = name.Normalize(NormalizationForm.FormD); StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(); foreach (char c in normalizedString) { switch (CharUnicodeInfo.GetUnicodeCategory(c)) { case UnicodeCategory.LowercaseLetter: case UnicodeCategory.UppercaseLetter: case UnicodeCategory.DecimalDigitNumber: stringBuilder.Append(c); break; case UnicodeCategory.SpaceSeparator: case UnicodeCategory.ConnectorPunctuation: case UnicodeCategory.DashPunctuation: stringBuilder.Append('_'); break; } } string result = stringBuilder.ToString(); return String.Join("_", result.Split(new char[] { '_' } , StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)); // remove duplicate underscores }讨论(0) -
This works fine in java.
It basically converts all accented characters into their deAccented counterparts followed by their combining diacritics. Now you can use a regex to strip off the diacritics.
import java.text.Normalizer; import java.util.regex.Pattern; public String deAccent(String str) { String nfdNormalizedString = Normalizer.normalize(str, Normalizer.Form.NFD); Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("\\p{InCombiningDiacriticalMarks}+"); return pattern.matcher(nfdNormalizedString).replaceAll(""); }讨论(0)
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