Here is what I did before I got this error:
I have Windows 10. The following steps corrected the issue
Thanks to @Farshid for the initial clue to a resolution.
I figured out the problem. EntityFramework.dll needed to be in the GAC for Visual Studio to use it from the package manager.
Note: It may be wise to restart the computer entirely at this point.
I'm not sure why Visual Studio stopped seeing the DLL, but this got me past this problem.