Are there other common “c-like” or non “c-like” languages with non zero index array position? [closed]

Answer 1

The entire Wirthian line of languages including Pascal, Object Pascal, Modula-2, Modula-3, Oberon, Oberon-2 and Ada (plus a few others I've probably overlooked) allow arrays to be indexed from whatever point you like including, obviously, 1.

Erlang indexes tuples and arrays from 1.

I think—but am no longer positive—that Algol and PL/1 both index from 1. I'm also pretty sure that Cobol indexes from 1.

Basically most high level programming languages before C indexed from 1 (with assembly languages being a notable exception for obvious reasons – and the reason C indexes from 0) and many languages from outside of the C-dominated hegemony still do so to this day.

Answer 2

Also in Ada you can define your array indices as required:

A : array(-5..5) of Integer;       -- defines an array with 11 elements
B : array(-1..1, -1..1) of Float;  -- defines a 3x3 matrix

Someone might argue that user-defined array index ranges will lead to maintenance problems. However, it is normal to write Ada code in a way which does not depend on the array indices. For this purpose, the language provides element attributes, which are automatically defined for all defined types:

A'first   -- this has the value -5
A'last    -- this has the value +5
A'range   -- returns the range -5..+5 which can be used e.g. in for loops

Answer 3

Indexes start at one in CFML.

Answer 4

JDBC (not a language, but an API)

String x = resultSet.getString(1);  // the first column

Answer 5

Strings in Delphi start at 1.

(Static arrays must have lower bound specified explicitly. Dynamic arrays always start at 0.)

Answer 6

Lua - disappointingly