I know that I can atomically update an existing Mongo document by setting specific fields. The following code will do it:
var update = MongoDB.Driver.Builders.U
Found the answer:
//var snippetJSON= '{title:"Tin Machine II",brandnewfield:"this gets added nicely"}';
MongoDB.Bson.BsonDocument updateDoc = MongoDB.Bson.Serialization.BsonSerializer.Deserialize<BsonDocument>(snippetJSON);
var update = new UpdateDocument { { "$set", updateDoc } };
Easy when you know how!