Hope this is not too broad but after a lot of googling I am not sure where to start. I am looking for a introductory/noob overview to help me get started on building an authenti
This isn't really an answer but I'm posting this because a comment just wouldn't do. I don't know of any comprehensive guides so here's what I'd suggest you do:
Learn how Omniauth works. There's a great Railscast about authentication using Twitter. It's really simple and it will get you in the flow of the thing.
Build your own Omniauth strategy. Go to the list of Omniauth Strategies and scroll to Developer Strategies. In that table, choose the strategy you can use to connect to your SSO server.
Ideally, you'd be able to use OAuth2 and there are a couple of guides that talk about implementing your own OAuth strategy:
But since you can't, just give a quick look at those guides. Without any specifics it's kind of hard (for me) to give any more help, but hopefully someone else will fill in the details.