The volatile key word and memory consistency errors

Question

In the oracle Java documentation located here, the following is said:

Atomic actions cannot be interleaved, so they can be used without f

Answer 1

What do they mean by "reduces the risk"?

Atomicity is one issue addressed by the Java Memory Model. However, more important than Atomicity are the following issues:

• memory architecture, e.g. impact of CPU caches on read and write operations
• CPU optimizations, e.g. reordering of loads and stores
• compiler optimizations, e.g. added and removed loads and stores

The following listing contains a frequently used example. The operations on x and y are atomic. Still, the program can print both lines.

int x = 0, y = 0;

// thread 1
x = 1
if (y == 0) System.out.println("foo");

// thread 2
y = 1
if (x == 0) System.out.println("bar");

However, if you declare x and y as volatile, only one of the two lines can be printed.

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How is a memory consistency error still possible when using volatile?

The following example uses volatile. However, updates might still get lost.

int x = 0;

// thread 1
x += 1;

// thread 2
x += 1;

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Would it be true to say that the only effect of placing volatile on a non-double, non-long primitive is to enable the "happens-before" relationship with subsequent reads from other threads?

Happens-before is often misunderstood. The consistency model defined by happens-before is weak and difficult to use correctly. This can be demonstrated with the following example, that is known as Independent Reads of Independent Writes (IRIW):

volatile int x = 0, y = 0;

// thread 1
x = 1;

// thread 2
y = 1;

// thread 3
if (x == 1) System.out.println(y);

// thread 4
if (y == 1) System.out.println(x);

Only with happens-before, two 0s would be valid result. However, that's apparently counter-intuitive. For that reason, Java provides a stricter consistency model, that forbids this relativity issue, and that is known as sequential consistency. You can find it in sections §17.4.3 and §17.4.5 of the Java Language Specification. The most important part is:

A program is correctly synchronized if and only if all sequentially consistent executions are free of data races. If a program is correctly synchronized, then all executions of the program will appear to be sequentially consistent (§17.4.3).

That means, volatile gives you more than happens-before. It gives you sequential consistency if used for all conflicting accesses (§17.4.3).

Answer 2

The usual example:

while(!condition)
    sleep(10);

if condition is volatile, this behaves as expected. If it is not, the compiler is allowed to optimize this to

if(!condition)
    for(;;)
        sleep(10);

This is completely orthogonal to atomicity: if condition is of a hypothetical integer type that is not atomic, then the sequence

thread 1 writes upper half to 0
thread 2 reads upper half (0)
thread 2 reads lower half (0)
thread 1 writes lower half (1)

can happen while the variable is updated from a nonzero value that just happens to have a lower half of zero to a nonzero value that has an upper half of zero; in this case, thread 2 reads the variable as zero. The volatile keyword in this case makes sure that thread 2 really reads the variable instead of using its local copy, but it does not affect timing.

Third, atomicity does not protect against

thread 1 reads value (0)
thread 2 reads value (0)
thread 1 writes incremented value (1)
thread 2 writes incremented value (1)

One of the best ways to use atomic volatile variables are the read and write counters of a ring buffer:

thread 1 looks at read pointer, calculates free space
thread 1 fills free space with data
thread 1 updates write pointer (which is `volatile`, so the side effects of filling the free space are also committed before)
thread 2 looks at write pointer, calculates amount of data received
...

Here, no lock is needed to synchronize the threads, atomicity guarantees that the read and write pointers will always be accessed consistently and volatile enforces the necessary ordering.

Answer 3

For question 1, the risk is only reduced (and not eliminated) because volatile only applies to a single read/write operation and not more complex operations such as increment, decrement, etc.

For question 2, the effect of volatile is to make changes immediately visible to other threads. As the quoted passage states "this does not eliminate all need to synchronize atomic actions, because memory consistency errors are still possible." Simply because reads are atomic does not mean that they are thread safe. So establishing a happens before relationship is almost a (necessary) side-effect of guaranteeing memory consistency across threads.

Answer 4

Ad 1: With a volatile variable, the variable is always checked against a master copy and all threads see a consistent state. But if you use that volatility variable in a non-atomic operation writing back the result (say a = f(a)) then you might still create a memory inconsistency. That's how I would understand the remark "reduces the risk". A volatile variable is consistent at the time of read, but you still might need to use a synchronize.

Ad 2: I don't know. But: If your definition of "happens before" includes the remark

This means that changes to a volatile variable are always visible to other threads. What's more, it also means that when a thread reads a volatile variable, it sees not just the latest change to the volatile, but also the side effects of the code that led up the change.

I would not dare to rely on any other property except that volatile ensures this. What else do you expect from it?!