Magento uses a system for translating text in the template files using:
$this->__(\'text to be translated.\');
or
Mage::helper(\
You can do it in a template file yourfile.phtml. The javascript script js/mage/translate.js must be included in your html header (Magento does it by default).
<script type="text/javascript">
Translator.add('You should take care of this confirmation message!','<?php echo Mage::helper('yourmodule')->__('You should take care of this confirmation message!')?>');
</script>
EDIT: You can since Magento 1.7 add a file jstranslator.xml into your module under the etc/ folder and set the following string like that:
<jstranslator>
<!-- validation.js -->
<validate-no-html-tags translate="message" module="core">
<message>HTML tags are not allowed</message>
</validate-no-html-tags>
<validate-select translate="message" module="core">
<message>Please select an option.</message>
</validate-select>
</jstranslator>
Then translate the string as you do it for PHP thanks to CSV file
This, will add the translation to the javascript code like the following var Translator = new Translate(...)
Just use the following method in your scripts:
Translator.translate('Some phrase');
Use this is in js file:
Translator.translate('Some phrase');
But to make it work you should define this translation in phtml:
Translator.add('Some phrase', "<?php echo $this->__('Some phrase'); ?>");
This is the correct way for translating JavaScript strings withing .phtml file
Translator.add({"To be translated":"<?php echo $this->_('To be translated'); ?>"});
Update: fixed typo.