How would the 'Model' in a Rails-type webapp be implemented in a functional programming language?

Question

In MVC web development frameworks such as Ruby on Rails, Django, and CakePHP, HTTP requests are routed to controllers, which fetch objects which are usually persisted to a backe

Answer 1

Without wanting to bash object oriented MVC frameworks -- I don't know Rails, but Django is an excellent piece of software to my eye -- I'm not sure that Object-Relational Mapping is a particularly good metaphor¹.

Of course in an OO language it may seem natural to want to think of tables in terms of objects, but in a functional language it is perfectly natural to think of tables in terms of tables. A single row can be represented easily using an algebraic data type (in Haskell and other statically typed functional languages) or a map (a.k.a. a dictionary; an associative structure mapping keys to values); a table then becomes a sequence of rows, which after all it is even at the DB level. Thus there is no special mapping from the DB construct of a table to some other construct available in the programming language; you can simply use tables on both sides.²

Now this does not in any way mean that it is necessary to use SQL queries to manipulate the data in the DB, foregoing the benefits of abstraction over varios RDBMSs' quirks. Since you're using the Clojure tag, perhaps you might be interested in ClojureQL, an embedded DSL for communicating with various DBs in a generic way. (Note that it's being reworked just now.) You can use some such DSL for extracting data; manipulate the data thus obtained using pure functions; then display some results and maybe persist some data back to the DB (using the same DSL).

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¹ If you think comparing a technology to the Vietnam war is a bit extreme, I guess I agree, but that doesn't mean that article doesn't do a very good job of discribing why one might not want to sink in the ORM quagmire.

² Note that you could use the same approach in an OO language and abstract over DB backends in the same way in which it's done in FP languages (see the next paragraph). Of course then your MVC framework would no longer look quite like Rails.

Answer 2

Have a look at the Conjure web application framework for an example of how one might implement an MVC framework in a functional programming language. Conjure uses clj-record for the model layer, which has support for associations and validations.