Update: I have split my original question into two to let each one be more cohesive.
According to EU Article 5(3) of the E-Privacy Directive (a.k.a \'The Cookie Laws\'),
No, there isn't a setting in Google AdSense. Google actually just released a note about changes to the consent policy in July 2015 pointing you to a Google site called Cookie Choices, which has information about EU consent as well as links to third party solutions for managing cookie consent functionality on your sites.
So the short answer is that you need to explore the third party tools and choose the one that best addresses your particular case.