Lazy evaluation in R – is assign affected?

Question

I read this basic question on renaming objects and @Shane \'s answer to it, pointing me to lazy evaluation. Now I wonder if assign is evaluated lazily, too. Just li

Answer 1

The R language generally has value semantics. The assignment x <- y means that x and y will be independent copies of the same object (updates on y and x will be independent). A naive implementation of x <- y would always allocate memory for x and fully copy y into it. GNU-R instead uses a copy-on-write mechanism, it would postpone the copy until an update actually happens, which saves memory/execution time in case it does not happen. R users do not have to know about this optimization, it is fully transparent (except some rare cases like out-of-memory errors). This mechanism applies to assignment written as x <- y and assign("x", y) equally.

Lazy evaluation is part of the design of the language and is visible to R users/programmers. Expressions passed as arguments to a function, e.g. in foo(ls()) the expression passed is ls(), are evaluated lazily, only if and when needed by the implementation of the called function.

delayedAssign is a low-level function, visible to R users/programmers, but it really is only used for lazy loading of packages and should not be needed in user programs. delayedAssign allows to specify an expression to compute the value of a variable; the computation will happen lazily only if/when the variable is read the first time.

So, to answer the question, an assignment in R is always ''lazy'' in that the copy-on-write mechanism is used. The computation of the right-hand-side of the assignment can be also lazy (using delayedAssign), but that should not be needed/used by user programs.

I think for the ''renaming'' of variables, there is no need to use delayedAssign (because the right-hand-side is not computed). It only makes the situation more complex and there will likely be performance overhead due to the book-keeping delayedAssign has to do. I would just use ordinary assignment if I had to rename variables.

For code clarity, I would also whenever possible try to avoid deleting variables from environments and even assigning from a function into the global environment, e.g. I would just create a new list and insert the new bindings (variables) into it.

Having mentioned the copy-on-write mechanism, with the current implementation in GNU-R, any of the described solutions will potentially cause memory copying that would not be necessary had the variables not been renamed. There is no way to avoid this at R level.