I have just installed visual studio 2012 ultimate. In the new project dialog I have
I uninstalled and then reinstalled and the mvc project templates & .net framework are there now.
I think the problem was that I was installing from a mounted .iso file.
For the reinstall I set my ISO software to remount at startup.
Still pretty poor that a repair did not fix this !!
I thought the same when I first had my 2012, I had to manually download the file
MVC .Net 4.5
Hopefully this helps you :)
Try to install ASP.NET and Web Tools 2012.2 update for Visual Studio 2012
This worked for me.