what is the meaning of colon in python's string format?

Question

In the reading of Python\'s Format Specification Mini-Language,

format_spec ::=  [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]  
fill        ::=  

        

Answer 1

You are only looking at the grammar for the format_spec, the full grammar is specified higher up on the same page:

replacement_field ::=  "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"
field_name        ::=  arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]")*
arg_name          ::=  [identifier | integer]
attribute_name    ::=  identifier
element_index     ::=  integer | index_string
index_string      ::=  <any source character except "]"> +
conversion        ::=  "r" | "s"
format_spec       ::=  <described in the next section>

In the replacement_field syntax notice the : preceding the format_spec.

The field_name is optionally followed by a conversion field, which is preceded by an exclamation point '!', and a format_spec, which is preceded by a colon ':'

When the field_name and/or conversion are specified, : marks the end of former and the start of the format_spec.

In your example,

>>> "{0:b}".format(100)
'1100100' 

zero specifies the optional field_name which in this case corresponds to the index of the item to be formatted in the passed parameter tuple; it is optional so it can be dropped.