Determine `constexpr` execution - during compilation or at runtime?

Question

Is there a way to achieve different behaviour of a constexpr function in the compilation phase and at runtime?

Consider the following example (using a theor

Answer 1

No, there is no such way.

Sorry.

N3583 is a paper proposing changes to allow what you are asking for.

Answer 2

Prior to C++20, this wasn't possible. C++20 then added std::is_constant_evaluated which is exactly for this use case:

constexpr int pow(int base, int exp) noexcept
{
    if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
    {
        auto result = 1;

        for (int i = 0; i < exp; i++)
            result *= base;

        return result;
    } 
    else
    {
        return std::pow(base, exp);
    }
}

Note that the if statement itself is not constexpr. If it were, the whole else arm would be removed from the function and it would always run the if arm, no matter if at compile time or runtime. With a normal if statement, you basically get two functions. One that runs at compile time:

constexpr int pow(int base, int exp) noexcept
{
    auto result = 1;

    for (int i = 0; i < exp; i++)
        result *= base;

    return result;
}

and one that gets compiled an runs at runtime:

constexpr int pow(int base, int exp) noexcept
{
    return std::pow(base, exp);
}

The compiler can safely remove the if arm because it can prove that it isn't reachable at runtime. Pretty neat.