Is it possible to raise an error in a stored procedure manually to stop execution and jump to BEGIN CATCH
block? Some analog of throw new Exception()
i
You're looking for RAISERROR.
From MSDN:
Generates an error message and initiates error processing for the session. RAISERROR can either reference a user-defined message stored in the sys.messages catalog view or build a message dynamically. The message is returned as a server error message to the calling application or to an associated CATCH block of a TRY…CATCH construct.
CodeProject has a good article that also describes in-depth the details of how it works and how to use it.