Python's super(), abstract base classes, and NotImplementedError

Question

Abstract base classes can still be handy in Python. In writing an abstract base class where I want every subclass to have, say, a spam() method, I want to write som

Answer 1

The key point to understand this is super() is for implementing cooperative inheritance. How the classes cooperate is up to you the programmer. super() is not magic and does not know exactly what you want! There is not much point in using super for a flat hierarchy that doesn't need cooperative inheritance, so in that case S. Lott's suggestion is spot on. Subclasses of Useful may or may not want to use super() depending their goals :)

For example: Abstract is A. A <- B, but then you want to support insertion of C like so A <- C <- B.

class A(object):                                                                                         
    """I am an abstract abstraction :)"""
    def foo(self):
        raise NotImplementedError('I need to be implemented!')

class B(A):
    """I want to implement A"""
    def foo(self):
        print('B: foo')
        # MRO Stops here, unless super is not A
        position = self.__class__.__mro__.index
        if not position(B) + 1 == position(A):
            super().foo()

b = B()     
b.foo()

class C(A):
    """I want to modify B and all its siblings (see below)"""
    def foo(self):
        print('C: foo')
        # MRO Stops here, unless super is not A
        position = self.__class__.__mro__.index
        if not position(C) + 1 == position(A):
            super().foo()

print('')   
print('B: Old __base__ and __mro__:\n')
print('Base:', B.__bases__)
print('MRO:', B.__mro__)
print('')
# __mro__ change implementation
B.__bases__ = (C,)
print('B: New __base__ and __mro__:\n')
print('Base:', B.__bases__)
print('MRO:', B.__mro__)
print('')
b.foo()

And the output:

B: foo

B: Old __base__ and __mro__:

Base: (,)
MRO: (, , )

B: New __base__ and __mro__:

Base: (,)
MRO: (, , , )

B: foo
C: foo