Pseudo table:
| primary_key | first_name | last_name | date_of_birth |
| 1 | John Smith | | 07/04/1982 |
At the moment
No. While LOAD DATA INFILE has a REPLACE option, it will actually replace the row in question - that is, delete the existing one and insert a new one.
If you configure your LOAD DATA INFILE to only insert certain columns all others will be set to their default values, not to values they currently contain.
Can you modify your CSV file to contain a bunch of UPDATE statements instead? Should be reasonably straightforward via some regex replaces.