What real platforms map hardware ports to memory addresses?

Question

I sometimes see statements that on some platforms the following C or C++ code:

int* ptr;
*ptr = 0;

can result in writing to a hardware input-ou

Answer 1

Most systems in my experience use memory-mapped I/O. The x86 platform has a separate, non-memory-mapped I/O address space (that uses the in/out family of processor op-codes), but the PC architecture also extensively uses the standard memory address space for device I/O, which has a larger address space, faster access (generally), and easier programming (generally).

I think that the separate I/O address space was used initially because the memory address space of processors was sometimes quite limited and it made little sense to use a portion of it for device access. Once the memory address space was opened up to megabytes or more, that reason to separate I/O addresses from memory addresses became less important.

I'm not sure how many processors provide a separate I/O address space like the x86 does. As an indication of how the separate I/O address space has fallen out of favor, when the x86 architecture moved into the 32-bit realm, nothing was done to increase the I/O address space from 64KB (though they did add the ability to move 32-bit chunks of data in one instruction). When x86 moved into the 64-realm, the I/O address space remained at 64KB and they didn't even add the ability to move data in 64-bit units...

Also note that modern desktop and server platforms (or other systems that use virtual memory) generally don't permit an application to access I/O ports, whether they're memory-mapped or not. That access is restricted to device drivers, and even device drivers will have some OS interface to deal with virtual memory mappings of the physical address and/or to set up DMA access.

On smaller systems, like embedded systems, I/O addresses are often accessed directly by the application. For systems that use memory-mapped addresses, that will usually be done by simply setting a pointer with the physical address of the device's I/O port and using that pointer like any other. However, to ensure that the access occurs and occurs in the right order, the pointer must be declared as pointing to a volatile object.

To access a device that uses something other than a memory-mapped I/O port (like the x86's I/O address space), a compiler will generally provide an extension that allows you to read or write to that address space. In the absence of such an extension, you'd need to call an assembly language function to perform the I/O.