Is there a specific design pattern that describes the scenario where a non-abstract default implementation is provided that implements all or some of the method
This pattern was prevalent in older versions of Java. It is the Java 7 alternative to default methods in interfaces.
Josh Bloch calls it a skeletal implementation. While a skeletal implementation is typically abstract, you needn't force clients to create a subclass if the skeleton itself is sufficient.
I agree with the previous answer pointing out the Interface Segregation Principle. The need for a skeletal implementation can be a code smell indicating an interface is too "fat" and may be trying to do more than one job. Splitting up the interface is preferable in this scenario to creating a skeletal implementation with dummy or noop logic.